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The 
March of Intellect 

A Review of Man's Achievements 

That Make for the Advancement 

of 

CIVILIZATION 

and 

A Glimpse of the Future 



By 



T. J. BROOKS 




BF^ADWAY PUBLISHING CO 
835 Broadway, N. Y. 






Copyright, 1909, 

BY 

T. J. Brooks. 






PREFACE. 

May we have a pleasant and profitable journey 
together as we follow "The March of Intellect" 
along the pathway of human progress, pausing here 
and there to admire the mountain peaks of achieve- 
ment wrapt in love's supernal glory. 




^f 



CHAPTER I 
MARCH OF INTELLECT. 



CONTENTS 

May we have a pleasant and profitable journey 
together as we follow "The March of Intellect" 
along the pathway of human progress, pausing here 
and there to admire the mountain peaks of achieve- 
ment wrapt in love's supernal glory. 
Very Truly Thine, 

T. T. Brooks. 



The March of Intellect 

CHAPTER I. 

THE MARCH OF INTELLECT. 

"May blank defeat and scorn and shame, 

Be his who strives to bind 
The restless leaping waves of thought, 

The free tide of the mind." 

"It yet shall tread those star-lit paths, 

By highest angels trod, 
Nor pause till at the farthest world 

In the universe of God." 

"For I doubt not through the ages, 

One increasing purpose runs, 
And the thoughts of men are widened 

With the process of the suns." 

ANCIENT. 

Since the morning of the world Intellect has led 
mundane creation. Thought alone can supersede 
the reign of physical law. By the force of truth, 
forged at the furnace of Intellect, man is freed 
from the chains of error. 

7 



8 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

EGYPT. 

In most ancient time — of which we can trace — 
this psychic force plied its faculties on the banks 
of Afric's Nile, and on the rugged plains of Asia, 
in building- palace, temple, pyramidic tomb, sphynx, 
column, and obelisk. Many arts, of which we know 
not now the mastery, trace their origin to Egypt, 
"the gift of the Nile." Here history, as preserved, 
was born, and geometry cradled — an infant destined 
to wax as great as the planes of the heavens — 
and jurisprudence received its basic formulation. 
Here magic was a gay art and astrology flourished 
to feed the imagination and facinate with mys- 
tery. Here, where Joseph rose from servant to 
governor; from whence Moses led three million 
slaves to freedom, and to whom he delivered the 
Decalogue, writ with pen dipped in the light of 
Sinai. 

THE EAST. 

In the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigres it 
plied its skill in the palaces of Ninevah and Baby- 
lon, and wrought its power through the exclusive 
knowledge of the Magi, and exemplified its literary 
and religious thought in the Avestan. 



PALESTINE. 

In the valley of the Jordan it left its footprints 
in Solomonic temples erected to "Israel's God," 
and builded a theology more enduring than all 
others. Where Joshua commanded, ami David 
sang and ruled, and Solomon planned and built, 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 9 

and Jeremiah lamented, and Ezekiel and Isaiah 
prophesied with visions of fire, and Nehemiah, with 
the sword of defense in one hand and the trowel 
of construction in the other, rebuilt Jerusalem, the 
city of Israel's glory, and Matthew wrote in words 
stained with the blood of the cross. Here lived and 
labored that Divine Man of Bethlehem, whose 
ethics and life touch the heart of the world. The 
footsteps of this Man of Sorrow made its rugged 
hills "Holy ground," and to Him each succeeding 
generation gladly pays the tribute of its admiration 
and its tears. 

GREECE. 

In Greece Intellect blossomed anew in the fine 
arts and delved in philosophy, revealing much of 
its powers and laws. Why does history so often 
revert to Greece? Because every phase of human 
life found expression there. No deed of heroism, 
no act of devotion, no effort of patriotism, no 
beauty of art, no glory of wealth, no fame of 
power, no extent of dominion, no triumph of con- 
quest, no depth of learning, no pride of self-im- 
portance — Ay— and no degree of barbarity, no ruin 
of grandeur, no depth of degradation, no em- 
battled ambition, no despair of lost hope, no in- 
tensity of slavery, but all found fullest expression 
on her ruffled peninsulas overlooking the tideless 
waves of her storm-beaten seas. 

Athens was the literary metropolis of the world, 
the emporium of science as well as commerce. Her 
poetry, oratory, and heroism is an enduring legacy 
to mankind. Thither came students and the ripest 



io THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

scholars of every land to drink at the fountain of 
knowledge and to luxuriate in her mysticisms and 
mythologies. In her palmiest days the Empire ex- 
tended from the Danube to the upper Nile and from 
the Adriatic to the scorching plains of India, but 
it is of the Greece with Athens as centre, and 
Philippi as tangent, that we speak. Here I fomer 
sang ln's immortal Illiad, Solon ruled with the 
statesmanship of wisdom, Plato discoursed like an 
oracle in her academic groves, Pythagoras looked 
up and caught the symmetry of heaven, Phidias 
spoke to marble stones, and lo! they leaped forth 
inspiring dreams, Aristotle philosophized and laid 
the corner stones of logic, Demosthenes set logic 
on fire with oratory, Pericles turned national 
treasuries into urban splendor, Alexander exhau 
the skill of generalship, Socrates crowded ignorance 
till it pressed to his lips the deadly hemlock, I 
tarch gave us the lives of ancient heroes, 
"burning Saplio loved and sung." Intellect has 
dom, if ever, found a more classic lodgment tl 
on the shores of the Mgian sea. 

ROME. 

"Alas, for earth, for never shall we see 

That brightness in her eyes she bore when Rome was free!" 

In Rome, with her seven-hilled "Eternal City" 
— the capital of a hemisphere — Intellect showed 
forth in the polished life and liberal learning 
the leaders of the world. Art. science, jurispru- 
dence and war. commerce, literature and govern- 
ment, power, vanity and display, each flourished 
to full fruition. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT n 

Here Senica taught philosophy to kings and the 
scholarly, Marcus Aurelius ruled with lofty moral 
code, Epictitus the stoic sage kindled the light of 
justice in pagan darkness, Caesar sounded the depth 
of conquest and renown and perished as he paused 
to contemplate a crown. 

Rome — where Virgil sang, and Ariosto ro- 
manced, and Ovid dramatized, and Horace satir- 
ized, and Pompey luxurized, and Nero tyrannized 
and Dante dreamed, and Terence laughed, and 
Caligula debauched, and Vespian persecuted, and 
Cato and Sulla legislated, and Cassius intrigued, 
and Cicero thundered his matchless eloquence and 
led with his flame the austere Senate, and Sallust 
and Livy wrote history, and Paul and Peter 
scorched sin till it martyrized them as it had done 
Christ in Palestine. 

Rome, whom Antony deserted for Egypt's be- 
witching queen, and Brutus loved but assassinated 
its virtual king, and Lepidus bartered, and Scipio 
defended and taught; against which Carthage 
thundered, and Cateline conspired, and the world 
finally rebelled. 

Rome, where ecclesiasticism was enthroned and 
justice dethroned, and Popes ruled, and wickedness 
piled up, and abomination flourished, and cruelties 
held sway, and civilization halted. 

The Colosseum and the forum, the Republic and 
the Empire, were monuments to its labors. 



CHAPTER II 
MEDIAEVAL 



CHAPTER II. 

MEDIAEVAL. 

During the middles ages the greatest activity 
was displayed among the people of northwestern 
Europe; and to them and their descendants is due 
the greatest part of all modern achievements. 
Greek thought and culture and Roman law stood 
the test of change, and were transplanted into other 
European states, forming a nucleus for their ad- 
vancement. 

In Spain it built the Alhambra and the Arabic 
empire of the west and diffused the light of Ori- 
ental knowledge throughout western Europe. 
Thither came artisans to receive instruction in the 
useful arts: To the universities of Toledo, Car- 
dova, Seville, and Granada came students from 
other lands to study the gay sciences and the treas- 
ured lore of antiquity : the knights and steel-clad 
warriors of the north came thither to accomplish 
themselves in the blandishments of chivalry. Here 
flourished the outposts of Islamism, and the Moors 
— a people who conquered, ruled, and passed away ; 
leaving only mementoes of a brave, intelligent, and 
graceful people. 

The Roman Empire represented centralized gov- 
ernment in its most flagrant form. When it toppled 
over the feudal system arose, which was the op- 

15 



i6 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

posite of centralization. Art found play in build- 
ing fortified castles for the protection and habita- 
tion of feudal lords. It blossomed into knight- 
errantry and gradually overran Britain, Gaul, Spain, 
Germany, and Italy. It hastened the advent of 
popular rights. 

"It first presented itself in the development of 
industrial arts and commerce in cities which ob- 
tained, as corporations, a part of the rights of the 
feudal proprietors, which they proceeded to exer- 
cise under the form of free cities in Germany, 
privileged Communes in France and commercial 
Republics in Italy. Another development, highly 
favorable some centuries later to the reaction of 
popular freedom against centralized despotism in 
government, was the religious protest against the 
church over freedom of thought." 

Rulers were struggling for ecclesiastical suprem- 
acy and the Pope for political supremacy, in which 
he succeeded to the extent of becoming the balance 
of power. 

In 622 Islamism arose in the Arabian peninsula, 
and the new religion spread with astonishing rapid- 
ity. In one hundred years the Saracens had estab- 
lished a vast empire; including Persia, Egypt, 
northern Africa, and Armenia, and threatened to 
inundate Europe; having set itself firmly in Spain 
its votaries prepared for further invasion. Totally 
unlike the Christian religion in its method of gain- 
ing converts it proceeded by conquest at arms. Its 
fanatical warriors rushed with an impetuosity that 
had swept everything before them. Marshalling 
400,000 strong, these cavaliers of the Crescent 
under Abderrahman, flushed by the uninterrupted 



I 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 17 



course of conquest, and to whom death in battle 
was but a quick and sure way to the joys of Ely- 
sium, poured over the Pyrenees into fair France 
for conquest and plunder, and met the soldiers of 
the cross under Charles Martel on the field of 
Tours, A. D. 732. All the pomp and ostentation 
of martial equipment was there on the side of the 
invaders to produce another field of the "Cloth 
of Gold"; all the beauty and effectiveness of a 
wonderful cavalry and the glitter and gloss of 
gorgeous paraphernalia were there to dazzle and 
inspire. Two religions, two nations, and two peo- 
ples were met in deadly conflict. Again and again 
did the Moslem hosts dash against the French to be 
thrown back like the waves of the sea breaking into 
spray against the rocky shore. Three hundred 
thousand slain attested the awfulness of the con- 
flict 

The tide of Moslem inundation was stayed in 
its westward course and turned back to the Orient. 

The Catholic Church having grown strong under 
the favor of rulers and assumed dictatorial powers 
with the Pope as the head, exercised both religious 
and civil prerogatives. After the battle of Tours 
"the star of empire" took another step westward. 
Pepin le Bref, the son of Martel, caused himself to 
be crowned king of France by the Roman Pontiff, 
Steven II, which added to his own prestige, as it 
also did to that of the Pope. Charlemagne, the son 
of Pepin, ascended the throne in 771, and received 
an imperial title from the Pope. In the course of 
time — 963 — that title was inherited by the German 
rulers who, for a long time, struggled for the con- 
trol of Italy and a feudal superiority over the 



18 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

Popes. The Popes triumphed in the contest, but 
the reaction against this spiritual control prepared 
the way for the Protestant Reformation of the six- 
teenth century, in which was the germ of Repub- 
licanism. 

In 1096, Peter the Hermit organized the first 
crusade. One followed another till seven expedi- 
tions had gone out on the "fool's errand" of trying 
to take the empty tomb of Christ from the "Infidel 
Turks." The last effort was made in 1270. These 
senseless wars well-nigh exhausted feudalistic Eu- 
rope. It was a case of fanaticism pitted against 
fanaticism, but it served, in a great measure, to 
break down feudalism and to develop skill in navi- 
gation, and led to international commerce. The 
mariner's compass was invented in the fourteenth 
century 7 and gave a new impetus to navigation. 

It is difficult for us to comprehend the embar- 
rassments which want of diffused information pre- 
sented to the progress of Intellect in ancient and 
mediaeval times. With no books, or at best, but 
very few, with no papers, with no schools for the 
masses, with almost no instruments of thought and 
education, it would seem natural that people should 
remain in darkness. That they raised themselves 
so far out of a condition so low and helpless and 
created so many instruments and methods of ad- 
vancement, is proof of the wonderful capacity for 
advancement that lies in humanity, and is a 
prophecy of the future. Added to the barriers to 
progress just mentioned has been the disposition 
of kings and priests to curb freedom oi speech and, 
incidentally, of freedom of thought and action. 
They did not want their authority questioned or 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 19 

their power curtailed, so the two commonly united, 
from the earliest times, for mutual support. 

The great summnm bonum of earthly existence 
and experience is to develop the individual man. 
The full comprehension and recognition of the 
moral and practical principles involved constitutes 
wisdom in statesmanship. On them society, insti- 
tutions, and states must be founded to prove en- 
nobling and enduring. 

William the Conqueror, of Normandy, crossed 
the English channel with an army and invaded 
Britain, 1066: landing at Hastings, he defeated 
the British under Harold and firmly established the 
Norman dynasty — uniting the two countries, a 
union which was not finally dissolved until 1450, 
when Charles VII. of France expelled the English. 

In the thirteenth century the people of Britain be- 
gan to assert themselves by establishing written 
statutes governing the affairs of state, and thus 
heading off the encroachments of despotism. They 
established the Magna Charta — the foundation of 
English constitutional liberty. 

The most favorable event of the ages to the 
march of Intellect and the development of the in- 
dividual was the invention of the art of printing 
by the use of movable types. This was accom- 
plished by Gutenberg, of Metz, Germany, in 1440. 
The invention of characters to represent sounds 
and ideas is so ancient as to be lost in dim antiqui- 
ties, but this new method utilized them for the first 
time for universal use. Nicholas Koppering (Latin- 
ized Copernicus) a Pole (born February 19, 1473) 
awakened the science of astronomy from her long 
sleep, and invented the science of trigonometry. 



20 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

The Arabic system of notation and the various 
systems of alphabetic writing were thus made to 
serve the intellectual world in its onward march. 
Coincident with this method of rapid diffusion of 
knowledge was the revival of the spirit of learning 
and the founding of physical science. 



CHAPTER III 
MODERN 



CHAPTER III. 
MODERN 

The keels of many pioneering crafts were cut- 
ting the waves of every eastern sea. India had 
been from time immemorial a great source of com- 
merce. Now that ship routes were being found 
to the opulent land of India by the way of the 
Cape of Good Hope, still others were being sought. 
Proceeding on the conception that the world was 
round, Christopher Columbus, an Italian sailor, 
after years of importuning, was fitted out in 1492 
with three vessels to try the experiment of sailing 
westward to the Orient. This led to the discovery 
of the New World. It was a great event in the 
midst of a great era. The Caucasian race was again 
at the helm of the world. Looking back on its 
past grandeur it aspired to higher things than it 
had ever achieved. 

The art of printing, the use of the compass, the 
science of astronomy, and the successful protest 
against spiritual despotism, all commenced their 
grand careers in this era. The old Masters were 
making the canvas to speak for coming genera- 
tions and Astronomers began to read aright the 
leaves of heaven. Copernicus discovered the plan 
of the solar system the year that Columbus died. 

23 



24 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

Gunpowder was coining into general use, while 
the first adventurers were creeping, with amazed 
curiosity, around the shores of the New Continent. 
The reformation began in Germany led by Martin 
Luther. The foundation of modern science was 
being laid, and civil and religious liberty were being 
rocked in the cradle of the busy world. 

A period of exploration and colonization set in 
and acted as a safety valve for the escapement of 
the restless, crowded and oppressed of the Old 
World. North America became the centre of 
colonization. Thither came those who would es- 
cape the oppressions of their native country. Dis- 
cussions on theology resulting from a clash between 
Catholicism and protestantism and between differ- 
ent branches of protestantism gave a great impetus 
to independent thought and profound research. In- 
tolerance and religious prejudice ran high during 
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. WicklifYe, 
Jerome, Huss, Zwingle, and others of the Reforma- 
tion had kindled fires that no tyranny could subdue. 
In the seventeenth century Poland's oppression be- 
gan, and war clouds never lifted their black wings 
from over Prussia for thirty years. In this 
wretched century 700,000 protestants were mur- 
dered in France in twenty-four hours, and a few 
years later came the massacre of Prague and the 
forcible banishment of 30.000 protestant families. 
Kings and queens were beheaded and Intellect bid- 
den to succumb to the tyranny of the dead. At the 
close of the century France reenters the scene, re- 
vokes the edict of Nantes, and sends into exile 
800,000 of her best citizens. A terrible century, 
but fruitful of good as well as of tragedies. Gal- 






THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 25 

lileo, an Italian philosopher, was inventing the tele- 
scope and thermometer and discerning the law 
governing the philosophy of falling bodies and the 
isochronism of the pendulum. Kepler was finding 
the highest laws of astronomy, Shakespeare was 
writing his immortal plays, Locke discoursing on 
the understanding, Milton singing of Paradise, and 
Cromwell dethroning despots ; William Harvey dis- 
covering the true theory of the circulation of the 
blood, and Sir Isaac Newton giving us the law of 
gravitation and other basic principles. 

The eighteenth century saw the growth of the 
spirit of liberty in the English colonies of America. 
They were the refuge of the oppressed of every 
land and had waxed strong, but still held allegi- 
ance to the British crown. Oppression drove them 
to desperation : Revolution began. The dawn of 
civil and religious liberty was at hand. Intellect 
took the side of the rights of man. The Declara- 
tion of Independence was issued — the grandest 
civil statement since, 'mid the lightnings of Sinai, 
the Commandments were carved, which Moses de- 
livered to Israel. Jefferson, Franklin, Paine, Lee, 
Hancock, Henry, Adams, Morris, Washington, and 
their like directed and enthused while the patriotism 
of the masses fed the flames that burned in open 
rebellion for seven long years. Ten thousand a 
year — on an average — sacrificed their lives on the 
altar of liberty. The rebellion was crowned with 
success and the Colonies became States. The 
United States of America was established. The 
grandest government yet inaugurated, embodying, 
as it did, such economic safeguards as secured the 
people against the encroachments of ecclesiastical, 



26 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

civil, or military authority, except such as they 
might elect. 

To this century we owe the invention of the 
piano-forte, the steam engine — by Watt, Steven- 
son, and others — the spinning-jenny, the cotton gin 
— by Eli Whitney — the power loom, discoveries in 
chemistry — by Priestley, of England, and Lavoi- 
sier, of France — and in electricity, by Franklin, of 
America, and Galvani, of Italy. 

France was the birthplace of that remarkable 
system of government — feudalism, and was the 
last to crush it. It came down to near the end of 
the eighteenth century. The state was an army 
encamped at home, the nobility its captains and 
generals, the king the commander in chief, and the 
people its rank and file. The common laborers 
were hewers of wood and drawers of water for the 
military state. 

Industry had embellished France with gran- 
deur's glittering sheen, but greed walked in golden 
slippers and ruled with the rod of iron. While the 
toilers were so many ghosts of want, the ruthless 
beneficiaries of the unjust system were blind to the 
spectre of retribution which rose before their ob- 
tuse vision. The wrongs and sufferings of the peo- 
ple found voice in the writings of Voltaire, Rous- 
seau, and a dozen others of their school. The na- 
tion was aroused and began to speak with authority 
in the Parliament of the kingdom. The Third 
Estate became the First. It broke loose from the 
nobility and the church and established the National 
Assembly. Moss-grown abuses a thousand years 
old were swept away in an hour's sitting. G 
privilege and church extortion melted before its 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 27 

decrees like frost before the sun. France had 
fallen into the hands of the people, and from them 
descended into the hands of a ruthless and blood- 
thirsty mob. Poverty and greed had met in deadly 
conflict. In the mad rush of reaction they en- 
throned the Goddess of Reason and sought to abol- 
ish the church. Danton, Marat, and Robespierre — 
the triumvirate of the Reign of Terror — fell vic- 
tims of the flood tide of revenge which rebounded 
upon these leaders of the Jacobin iconoclasts. This 
slaughtering mania made France the contempt and 
horror of nations. She became threatened by land 
and sea, and began to awaken from her awful 
nightmare. 

Into this tragic chaos a giant Intellect entered, 
and taking this volatile, erratic, and forceful peo- 
ple in his iron grasp, hurled them through king- 
doms and empires, young and old, making them 
hearken to the voice of France with respect and 
awe. Napoleon became the idol of France and the 
terror of a hemisphere. The eighteenth century 
closed and the 

NINETEENTH CENTURY 

opened with him as the central figure of the east- 
ern continent. He flashed the lightnings of his 
victories in the dazzled eyes of nations. The au- 
tocrat of Mars, a lion swimming in blood, he went 
over Europe tying laurels to his brow with heart- 
strings of the dying. "His haughty star withered 
kings, and his brow was never awed whether his 
eagles hovered around the Alps or shrieked amid 
flames of Moscow." At his footfall thrones trem- 



28 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

bled, before his triumphant march the "frontiers 
of kingdoms oscillated on the map of the world." 
From the Nile to the Baltic, and from the Caspian 
sea to Hespania, his exploits were their history. 
This "archangel of war" met his doom on the 
"frightful field of Waterloo, where chance and fate 
combined to wreck the fortunes of their former 
king." Here Wellington's allied armies shattered 
the hopes of the "man of destiny" and the ghost 
of incarnate ambition strode from the field of 
carnage and left the world to weep. 

The new century saw the establishment of fifty 
new constitutions in the Americas and nearly as 
many in Europe. Through fire and blood Liberty 
had marched to the front and stood with its com- 
panion — Intellect. Before the century's close no 
crown head dwelt west of the Atlantic, nor did 
there exist a civilized unlimited monarchy on earth. 
Every nation on the globe had abolished chattle 
slavery. In 1861, twenty million serfs were manu- 
mitted in Russia by Alexander II. with a stroke of 
his pen. Four million bondmen were freed at the 
point of the bayonet in the United States. Greece 
was lifted from under the iron heel of the Otto- 
man. The oppression of Spain led to the revolt 
of her colonies in South America, and a dominion 
richer than all Europe was lost to the Castilian 
crown. 

The history of civilization is the history of the 
slow and painful enfranchisement of the human 
mind. From the monarchy of the family, the mon- 
archy of the tribe, the monarchy o\ the nation, 
and from the tyranny of the whole man has forged 
forward to the swing o\ individual liberty. From 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 29 

the plains of sand-girt Egypt, from Babylon's des- 
ert tomb, from the wilderness of classic Athens, 
from the crumbling stones of once ponderous Rome 
comes a wail, as it were, a warning cry that no na- 
tion founded on or tolerating injustice can perma- 
nently stand. When Intellect breaks shackles from 
the brain it loosens chains from the body. When 
it masters a new force in nature it takes a tear 
from the cheek of unpaid toil. When it strikes an 
infamy from the calendar of crime, it adds a smile 
to the countenance of innocence. Every despotism 
struck from the roster of nations adds a new lus- 
tre to the glory of the race. Every injustice eradi- 
cated lifts a sorrow from the heart of the world. 

IN EUROPE. 

The Congress of Vienna — 181 3- 181 5 — assem- 
bled with delegated powers for the settlement of the 
affairs of Europe, and on June 9, 181 5, the ar- 
rangements were collected in one set of 121 ar- 
ticles, which was signed by the ministers of Austria, 
France, Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Russia, 
and Prussia. This Congress and the Holy Alli- 
ance of the great powers, signed in September, 
181 5, in the main purposed to reestablish the mon- 
archical equilibrium disturbed by Napoleon and to 
counteract the ideas put forward by the French 
Revolution. One of the master leaders in this 
movement was Prince Metternich, of Austria, the 
instigator of the "Continental system." A remark- 
able statesman and diplomat, when Waterloo closed 
the career of Napoleon, he proceeded to direct the 
policy of Continental Europe for over thirty 



3 o THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

years. Intrigues and insurrections resulted from 
the conflicting ideas and interests that were at 
stake. Revolution was imminent all the while. A 
crisis was reached in 1848 when the people rose to 
rid themselves of "the powers that be" and the 
leaders they had entrusted. Metternich, Austria's 
diplomatic autocrat of absolutism, was forced to 
resign as Prime Minister by a mob of the revolu- 
tion, aroused by his attitude toward Hungary. 
Louis Napoleon was elected President of France 
the same year, and by a plebicite, elected Emperor 
in 1852. Jealous of the influence of the Catholic 
Church he sent soldiers to sustain the Pope of Rome 
in his temporal power. But the pen of Mazzini, 
the diplomacy of Cavour, and the swords of Gara- 
baldi and Victor Emmanuel were at work, and in 
1870, while Prussia engaged France, united Italy 
divorced the Holy See from the last remnant of his 
temporal kingdom — and as a result of the Franco- 
Prussian war, an end was put to monarchy in 
France. 

IN AMERICA. 

The republic was extended, held together, again 
extended, and became recognized the world over 
as the refuge of liberty and the beacon of civiliza- 
tion. Its influence broadened the thought and tol- 
eration of the Old World. It liberalized mon- 
archies and tore the mask from class distinction. 
Its century of action and social experiment turned 
formal customs into obsolete curiosities. It has 
yielded material for a new period of constructive 
thought, 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 31 

The evolution of man's conception of what con- 
stitutes crime and his notions of what are fitting 
punishments is one of the profoundest lessons of 
history. In British Europe, at the beginning of the 
nineteenth century, there were upward of one hun- 
dred and sixty offenses which were punishable with 
death according to their code of criminal laws. 
In many of the States of the Union the whipping 
post, cropping or ears, and branding with hot irons 
— relics of barbarism and heathen conceptions — 
came far down the century. Less than two cen- 
turies ago the ablest preachers of to-day, the 
pioneers of social and theological evolution, would 
have been burned at the stake as "heretics." 

But the intellectual horizon of the world widens 
as the centuries pass; ideals grow grander and 
purer; justice and mercy become less distinct; lib- 
erty enlarges and mankind's prospects grow 
brighter as the years sweep on. The ages of fear 
and force, of tyranny, cruelty, and revenge are be- 
hind us. Are we not on the borders of the Holy 
Grail? 



CHAPTER IV 
GEOGRAPHICAL MARCH OE PROGRESS 



CHAPTER IV. 

GEOGRAPHIC MARCH OF PROGRESS. 

The course of civilization in ancient times was 
from the Nile and Euphrates to the shores of the 
Mediterranean. In mediaeval times it was from 
southern to northern and western Europe. In 
modern times it has been from Europe westward 
and southward, out beyond the seas. Following in 
the wake of exploration, the civilization of western 
Europe — including the British isles — has been car- 
ried by her enterprising peoples to every clime — 
including the two savage Americas, Australia, New 
Zeland, and South Africa — carrying with them the 
pluck, energy, tact, enterprise, and spirit of prog- 
ress that marks the highest type of civilization 
that the earth sustains. 

ETHNOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT. 

There are three primary divisions of the human 
race — the white, or Caucasian, the yellow or Mon- 
golian, the black or Negro. Each distinct type has 
many modifications. The Aryan branch of the 
Caucasian race leads the van of progress and stands 
high above all others in the scale of intellectual and 
ethical advancement. It comprises the following 
subdivisions : 

I. Celtic nations, including the Irish, Welsh, 
Scots, and the Bretons of France. 

35 



36 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

2. Germanic nations, comprising the Germans, 
Anglo-Saxons — English — Dutch and Scandina- 
vians. 

3. Romanic nations, including the Italians, 
Spaniards, Portuguese, and the French, and modern 
Greeks. 

4. Slavonic nations, comprising part of the 
Russians, Poles, Croats, and Siberians. 

The ancient Greeks and the Hindus also belong 
to this category, but cannot be said to be nations 
at present. 

It is not so much susceptibility, as will force, 
that causes peoples, nationalities, types, and families 
of the human race to distinguish themselves in the 
pursuit of the higher ideals of life. 

As now constituted, the British, German, and 
French peoples are preeminently the leaders in the 
world's progress. They present a wider range of 
human ability, with a larger proportion of genius 
and high talent, and a higher average of will power 
and moral force than any others. All experience 
shows that the English-speaking people of the world 
have out-stripped all others in all history in estab- 
lishing and operating representative government. 
This in itself is proof positive evidence of the su- 
periority of the citizenship of the Anglo-Saxon 
race. 

The United States of America has been the cos- 
mopolitan rendezvous of all the European races and 
nationalities — the flower (^i the human race — and 
here man's greatest achievements in material 
progress and domestic advancement are to be 
found. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 37 

CUMULATIVE ARTS. 

All art, science, and progress come from the con- 
structive force of intellect. Material advancement 
is necessarily cumulative. The Nineteenth Century 
capped the climax of the ages on this score. It re- 
ceived from all its predecessors not one self-pro- 
pelling machine; but left as a legacy to future ages 
the locomotive, the steamship, the automobile, and 
the electric car. It inherited the goose quil and 
the stylus and added thereto the steel pen, the type- 
writer, and the linotype. It received the scythe 
and the sickle and gave the mower and the self- 
binder, the giant header and thrasher. It found 
the flail and made the great self -stacking steam 
thresher. It received the little hand printing press, 
which could furnish about fifty impressions per 
hour, and gave the great steam propelled perfecting 
"double sextuple" press, capable of printing one 
hundred and twenty miles of paper every hour. It 
will print, cut, paste, fold, count, and deliver one 
hundred and eighty thousand eight-page dailies an 
hour, three thousand a minute, fifty a second ! The 
century began with the simple spinning wheel and 
spinning "jenny" and hand loom, and ended with 
the great spinning factories and giant power looms, 
rolling out miles of fantastically woven fabrics of 
every conceivable pattern. It was given the art 
of knitting by hand and gave a machine which knits 
like the magic fingers of fairies moved by the elfin 
wand of the magician. It added to gunpowder 
nitroglycerin and dynamite. It received the tal- 
low dip and give the arc light. It was left the gal- 
vanic battery and gave the wondrous dynamo. It 



38 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

went from the flint lock gun to the automatic rapid- 
firing rifles and the monstrous Krupp cannon capa- 
ble of shooting pointed steel bullets through score- 
inch-thick plates of solid steel. From sailing crafts 
it stepped to the panting greyhounds of the sea. 
For the battle ship Constitution it launched the 
Oregon, before whose power nations trembled. 
From wooden and stone structures it moved to fire- 
proof sky-scrapers of steel, towering three hun- 
dred feet in the air. It substituted for the signal 
fire and messenger, the telegraph and telephone: 
five million miles of overland and 170.000 miles of 
submarine wires, making a whispering gallery of 
the world ; over these threads of ore, taken from 
the mountains, are transmitted two hundred million 
messages a year! 

At the beginning of the century the practical 
uses of electricity were unknown. At the close its 
various applications were the flower of material 
progress. Inspired by its mystic force, and spurred 
to action by desire, Mind invoked the genius of in- 
vention, and lo! the fire of Jove locked arms with 
the Bride of Humanity. It lights her houses, halls, 
temples, and streets ; it carries to and fro the urban 
hosts, warms without ashes and smoke, talks any 
language any distance, nor brooks oceans nor 
mountains, zones nor climates; it fans her cheeks 
when they arc warm and lights her study when she 
reads; it lights the caverns of the deep from ves- 
sels that dive the briny waves; its X-ray parts with 
mystic skill the flesh that clothes the jointed frame. 

The century substituted for the blind search- 
probe the X-ray; for the writhings of the surgeon's 
table anaesthetics ami hypnotism; for the stairway. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 39 

the elevator; for the copying scribe, the stenog- 
rapher ; for the wooden plow, the steam gang plow ; 
for the crude grist, the steel rollermill; for the di- 
vine right of kings, the divine right of Man; for 
the ideal of Power, the ideal of Worth; freedom 
for slavery, culture for ignorance, tolerance for 
persecution, sobriety for drunkenness, and reading 
clubs for carousals. 

Women at the beginning of the century had 
never voted, and but few had received the higher 
education; women office holders were unknown; a 
blumer girl on a bicycle had never been seen. Ice 
could not be made in crystal chunks when the tem- 
perature was at fever heat; at its close the art had 
grown to a great industry. No one, when the cen- 
tury was young, had ever eaten food cooked by 
electricity, warmed by a steam radiator, toured in 
a steam yacht, or slept in a Pullman car. He who 
lived before these ten decades began to unfold the 
treasures of man's inventive brain, could not catch 
a speaker's words as fast as spoken, by shorthand, 
nor record their enunciation with a graphophone 
and reproduce them with scrupulous accuracy. He 
had never heard of the germ theory of disease or 
worried over baccilli and bacteria. He could not 
have his picture snatched by a kodak or kindle a 
fire with a lucifer match. He could not foretell the 
coming of a rain, cold wave, or cyclone. He had 
never seen a kinetoscope turn out a prize fight, or 
reproduce the world's tragedies. He had never 
transformed forests into palaces by the use of the 
circular saw. He knew nothing of geology, and 
had never seen Neptune or Ceres. He had not 
measured distances between solar orbs, nor knew 



4 o THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

of their composition and weight. He had heard 
of oxygen, but had never heard of liquid air. He 
had not evolved the atomic theory of the constitu- 
tion of matter, the theory of the conservation of 
energy, or the science of evolution. He had no free 
libraries, and but few free schools. He could not 
buy a paper for a penny and learn all the happen- 
ings of the world the day before. He had never 
sailed through the Suez Canal or crossed a river 
on an iron bridge. He had never mined or drilled 
with hydraulic power, or tunneled mountains with 
dynamite — for an iron track. He had scarcely be- 
gun to unlock the energies of nature and to join 
hands with the measureless forces of the Universe. 
The meaningless mountains became the catechism 
of the ages, chemistry the catechism of the ele- 
ments, electricity the catechism of the lightnings, 
astronomy the catechism of the stars : With them 
man has unclasped nature's celestial book and reads 
the leaves of creation. 



CHAPTER V 



CHAPTER V. 

A marked distinction between ancient and mod- 
ern learning, is, that ancient learning was esoteric 
and modern learning is exoteric. The "Wise Men 
of the East" were not educational evangelists. The 
general diffusion of knowledge was no part of their 
purpose. In the nineteenth century it became the 
paramount issue of society. At no time in the 
world's history had the desire for knowledge been 
so universal as was manifested in this prize century 
of progress. 

This led to the multiplication of schools, col- 
leges, universities, forensics, books, papers, maga- 
zines, etc., unprecedented in all the annals of time. 
In this movement the United States led the nations 
of the earth. At the close of the century Great 
Britain's budget for education was $55,000,000; 
Germany gave $60,000,000; France, $40,000,000; 
Russia, $3,000,000; while the United States spent 
$197,000,000 for the education of its rising genera- 
tion and the enlightenment of its citizens. There 
were in the year 1900, 16,738,362 students getting 
the benefit of this enormous appropriation in the 
various institutions of learning throughout the 
States. Education develops a demand for litera- 
ture; in fact, it has been said that "the consump- 
tion of paper is the measure of a people's culture." 

43 



44 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

At the close of the century the United States had 
twenty thousand periodicals of various kinds; more 
than Great Britian, France, Germany, Russia, In- 
dia, and China. There were single papers with a 
weekly circulation of a million copies. There were 
fifteen journals in the city of New York alone 
that consumed two hundred and seventy million 
pounds of paper a year, valued at five million four 
hundred thousand dollars. This thirty-five thou- 
sand tons of paper is equivalent to one million three 
hundred and fifty thousand miles of paper, not 
from four thousand miles a day — enough to cr 
the continent four times and dip into the seas. A 
one-cent morning paper could not pay its white 
paper bills without the enormous receipts from ad- 
vertising. This paper is made from pulp — ground, 
principally, from the spruce tree.-, — ^ 

There were one hundred thousand post offices in 
this country in 1800 and handled two thousand 
pieces of mail a day. In 1900 there were over 
sixty-seven thousand post offices, and more than 
eight thousand letters and packages dropped into 
the mail boxes every minute. The annual revenue 
of the service fell short of $50,000 in 1800 and ex- 
ceeded $110,000,000 in 1900. The length of mail 
routes jumped from two thousand miles to forty- 
one times the circumference of the globe. The de- 
partment handled eight billion pieces of mail a 
year. 

There was not a railroad in the world in 1800. 
and in [900 480,000 miles, and .250,000 miles v 
in the United States in [909. They were valued at 
ten billion dollar^; earned Si .Soo.OOO.OOO, and 
to run them $900,000,000; their passenger traffic 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 45 

equaled seven times the entire population of the coun- 
try — annually — at the beginning of each century. 

Industrial and commercial machinery increased 
power thirty fold. The economic conditions and 
forces of the world became revolutionized. These 
changed conditions gave rise to social and economic 
problems that this century must solve. All wise 
plans for the future must reckon with the changes 
wrought by modern machinery and organization of 
industry. The higher organization of industry for 
half a century has engaged the kind of minds that 
once founded colonies, built cathedrals, led armies, 
and practiced statecraft. When the time comes that 
people resolve to take over the collective material 
of their life, they will find the systemization ready 
for them. Work will become less and less a means 
of breadwinning and more and more a form of 
noble exercise of faculties. The artist always 
found joy in his work; the man's business should 
be his greatest pleasure. It remains for the future 
to make it possible for each to work in his adapted 
field of effort, and secure equity between laborers 
and managers. 

The Nineteenth Century closed and the 

TWENTIETH CENTURY OPENED 

with this economic issue, in its multifarious forms, 
pressing for solution. The growth of ideas and the 
interdependence of modernized industry has brought 
the race face to face with conditions hitherto un- 
known. Intellect sees a way to eliminate waste, un- 
necessary friction, and commercial injustice, but 
caste and privilege are intrenched in nature, cus- 



46 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

torn, and law, and will not lose their grip on the 
limbs of industry till forced to do so by the intelli- 
gence of labor itself. 

"New occasions teach new duties; time makes ancient good 
uncouth; 

They must upward still, and onward, who would keep abreast 
of truth; 

Lo ! before us gleam her camp fires ; we ourselves must pil- 
grims be, 

Launch our 'Mayflower' and steer boldly through the desper- 
ate winter sea ; 

Nor attempt the future's portal with the past's blood-rusted 
key." 

Nothing abides but mind. The tragic glare 
that fills the past is waning. There is a decline 
in war, despotism, theocracy, slavery, and the scaf- 
fold. Crowns are vulgarized, the plume is abased, 
war is losing its glory, usurpation is circum- 
scribed, the blood-reeking victors of the past's 
apocalyptic group are looked upon with commisera- 
tion. The clouds between the truth and the brain 
of man have been pierced and cleared by the search- 
light of reason. The gag between the teeth of the 
race has been broken, and a stammering has grown 
to a speech, and the speech to a gospel which pro- 
ceeds from the bruised lips of the serf, the slave, 
the vassal, the pariah, and the honored toiler. 

Man's estimates of ways of life, views of success, 
wholesome living, and true happiness shift points 
of view with the march of progress. 



CHAPTER VI 
ULTIMATE KNOWLEDGE 



CHAPTER VI. 

ULTIMATE KNOWLEDGE. 

There is no Ultimate science. Final mystery has 
never been solved. Philosophy widens the horizon 
of wonders, and the broader the view the thicker 
and higher the Alps of phenomena rise to bewilder 
and enchant. 

We do not understand the essential nature of 
Ether, Matter, Energy, Space, Time, Electricity, 
Magnetism, Repulsion, Heat, Cold, Light, Dark- 
ness, Mind, Life, Death, Eternity, Infinity, Spirit, 
God. The inscrutable is reached in every field of 
philosophic research, but the insatiable desire for 
knowledge urges us irresistibly to push inquiry to 
its furthest limits, and man's highest pleasures are 
derived from learning. 

The march of intellect is measured by the mas- 
tery of the human mind over the forces of nature: 
Civilisation is determined by this mastery, and the 
application of moral principles in the every-day life 
of the people. Finite intellect may be incapable of 
ultimate knowledge ; but if we cannot know all, it is 
not in the least true that we can know nothing. 
The absolute and constant we may fail to grasp, 
but, nevertheless, the relations between its various 
modes or forms, and the relation to our own being, 
are not only open to our investigation but can be 
49 



50 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

known more or less completely. The knowledge 
we acquire, if not complete, is real knowledge, as 
far as it goes. Present theories may some day be 
superseded by better ones, but none the less present 
ones serve as stepping stones for future systems; 
just as Astrology was the means of introducing 
Astronomy, and Alchemy of Chemistry. 

The whole world around us, and the whole world 
within us, are ruled by law. And yet there is no 
such thing as Natural Law in the sense of a sub- 
stance, entity, or ruling force. The word law is a 
term used to express a relation of things. Laws 
of nature cause nothing, in the sense of operating 
as active forces. They are the constant expression 
of relationship, not operators; processes, not pow- 
ers. It is the glory of Newton to have proved that 
the material objects of the universe attract each 
other according to a definite mathematical law, by 
which all the celestial and terrestrial motions of 
bodies are regulated. But he did not discover Grav- 
ity — that is not yet discovered. He discovered its 
law, which is gravitation, but not the force itself. 

It has been discovered by chemists that the 
minutest particles of matter, in their actions and re- 
actions, obey a corresponding law, and that every 
chemical compound has a mathematical constitu- 
tion as fixed as that of the solar system. There is 
no substance or element, from atom to milky way. 
but is pervaded throughout its innermost consti- 
tution by the harmony of numbers. The crystal 
silica, the polished and tinted sea shell, the shimmer- 
ing wavelet, the fleecy cloud, the painted wing of 
the butterfly, the volcano, earthquake, and cyclone, 
all proclaim the universality of law. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 51 

How does dead matter become endowed with 
vital and orderly activity? What is it that causes 
what we call "organic life"? What accounts for 
the variation in species? What is it that evolves 
what we call form-life? What is this life principle 
that animates and builds from inert matter the con- 
scious sentient beings of earth? There is a period 
in the development of every tissue and every living 
thing when there are no structural peculiarities to 
it. Nor can we form any notion of the nature of 
the growth or creature to be formed by the bio- 
plasm. Chemical analysis reveals that this material 
point at which all life starts, consists of a clear, 
structureless, jelly-like substance composed of Car- 
bon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. This for- 
mal basis of all life is called Protoplasm. It is not 
only the structural unit with which all living bodies 
start in life, but with which they are built up. 

But there is a mysterious something in this pro- 
toplastic germ that no microscope can reveal and 
no analysis can reach. This something we call vital 
force. All phenomena of growth in the vegetable 
and animal kingdom are referred back to vital 
force, supplemented by environment. This vital 
force is a skillful artist who works in conformity 
to type. He does not work at random, but ac- 
cording to law. Biological chemistry defines life 
as a series of fermentations; for every vital func- 
tion a ferment, and a series produces a type; that 
every step in the process of assimilation or nutri- 
tion is presided over by a special ferment, and the 
sum of activities of a certain plan, a life. But 
whence the plan or what may be the molecular proc- 
esses by which fermentation — which is destructive 



52 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 



— is turned into organic building is as yet beyond 
the claim of knowledge. All observed phenomena 
can be intellectually traced through a series of ul- 
terior causes that gradually converge toward a cen- 
tre. All the diversity of the universe is apparently 
referrable to unseen Physical, Vital, Mental, or 
Spiritual forces. But what these are and what is 
anterior to them is not known. We conceive of En- 
ergy as something different from Matter; but we 
never know either Force or Energy except in con- 
nection with matter. 

Mystery begins where knowledge ends. Any- 
thing is simple when understood. As yet our life 
is surrounded with mystery. There is a universe 
of life, a realm of intelligence, a world of activity, 
so small, so infinitely infinitesimal that the human 
eye fails to detect it and the human senses to take 
cognizance thereof; the microscope reveals millions, 
the stronger the glass the more are revealed. Each 
drop of stagnant water contains a world of animate 
creatures, swimming with the freedom of the fish 
in the sea. Colonies of insects graze on leaves as 
cattle on the plains. A mite makes five hundred 
steps in a second. A house fly has eight regiments 
of eyes; a butterfly of a certain species has twenty- 
five thousand eyes; their wings are feathered. 
Mould is a forest of beautiful trees, i fairs are 
hollow tubes covered with spears. Animalcules 
have been found in a common grain of sand. Or- 
ganic life has been traced so small that it would 
take a score of millions to equal a mite. There 
are species of insects whose three score ami ten is a 
span of a moment. 

We talk as glibly of molecules as we do of rocks 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 53 

and mountains, but no one ever saw these final di- 
visions of matter. We perceive by reason, and ar- 
rive at conclusions by deduction, facts in science 
which we do not receive by direct communication 
through the physical senses. Every substance is 
supposed to be made up of molecules, which, in 
turn, are composed of atoms, and that these atoms 
do not touch each other, but have their motions, 
and are held together by molecular attraction — 
chemical affinity. An atom is computed to be one 
fifty-millionth of an inch in diameter. It has been 
calculated that particles of albumen one eighty- 
thousandth of an inch in diameter contain some 
one hundred and twenty-five millions of molecules, 
and of water, eight billions. We are limited from 
ever seeing such small particles by the very nature 
of light itself. 

Sound is defined as the sensation produced on us 
when the vibrations of the air strike on the drum 
of the ear. When they are few the sound is deep ; 
as they increase in number it becomes shriller; but 
when they reach a certain limit per second, about 
4,000 (or perhaps many more in the perfect ear) 
they cease to be audible. 

Music, a succession of harmonious sounds, with 
its slender outfit of seven notes in the scale, is one 
of the greatest of the arts and the interpreter of 
the emotions. Expressive of all we feel, it trans- 
mutes and wafts to the whispering gallery of the 
soul the heart's perfume. Its melodies charm in 
love's bright morning, its allegro vivace cheers am- 
bition's way, and its mysterioso greets us in the 
shadows. A tune for every mood, a song for every 
hope, a dirge for every grief, a trill for every fear, 



54 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

a march for every move, a con transports for every 
triumph. 

The ear, with only a quarter of an inch of sur- 
face and the thinness of one two hundred and fif- 
tieth part of an inch, and that thinness divided into 
three layers, and yet, so strange a contrivance that 
the waves of every sound, whether the crash of an 
avalanche or the hum of a bee, the peal of a thun- 
derbolt or the whisper of a child, break upon its 
magic shores and speak to the consciousness with- 
in. Every note of the thousand-tongued and 
stringed instruments, and every syllable or word 
spoken by the seventeen trillion sound human voice 
must find entrance to this auditory vestibule in or- 
der to reach the throne of the mind. 

Light is the effect produced on us when the 
waves of rays strike on the eye. When four hun- 
dred millions of millions pour through the pupil in 
a second they produce red, and as the number in- 
creases the color passes into orange, then yellow, 
green, blue, and violet. But beyond and beneath 
the vibrations we receive are those which we have 
no organ of sense capable of receiving the impres- 
sion, and in these any number of sensations may 
exist. There may be endless sounds and colors of 
which we have no conception. The brain cells, out- 
numbering the population o\ the globe, receive and 
act upon impulses, and originate impulses, build- 
ing one to another as the life principle builds an 
organism from matter. 



CHAPTER VII 
CELESTIAL 



CHAPTER VII. 

CELESTIAL. 

The Universe is your home — are you acquainted 
with it? Reason takes the wings of the morning 
and ponders creation's ways. With our orbs of 
vision we look out from the world on which we 
live, and what was in chemistry marvelous in mag- 
nitude in universology becomes a mere speck in 
space. 

Of all the sciences, Astronomy is the one which 
can enlighten us best on our relative value, and 
make us understand both our rank and our rela- 
tion with the rest of the universe. It is, above all 
others, a science that cultivates the imagination. Its 
study has the beauty of poetry and the exactness of 
mathematics. 

Go from the earth to the moon, and one hun- 
dred and ninety thousand miles farther, and you 
will have the radius of the sun. Its volume is com- 
puted to be 1,245,000 times that of the earth. In 
the midst of the heavens he hath his tabernacle 
where he reigns, robed in his eternal fires, with 
his family of planets forever wheeling about him, 
basking in the beams of his light. 

Beginning with Mercury and ending with Nep- 
tune, he has eight worlds swinging in the balance 

57 



58 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

of his power. Mercury reflects his glances of light 
with silvery brightness ; loving Venus smiles from 
her mirror with calm radiance ; next, Terra comes 
with its heart of fire and poles of snow, ninety- 
three millions of miles from the foci of its elliptical 
orbit, speeding along its 577 million miles at the 
rate of more than sixty-eight thousand miles an 
hour. In this celestial chariot you and I are riding. 
We know with absolute certainty that this planet 
is in habited by sentient beings, as we can personally 
testify, but we do not positively know that there is 
another in all space peopled by rational creatures. 
Next comes ruddy Mars, dressed in his proud 
splendor, whose poles, like earth's, are white with 
frost palaces and whose milder zones are dotted 
with seas and continents. We cross the Asteroids 
and come to the prince of planets — Jupiter, with his 
five moons; and he leads his way belted and sashed 
like a knight cavalier on solar march. It would 
take more than a thousand worlds to make a Jupi- 
ter; a child three years old there would be thirty- 
seven here. We pass on and find Saturn, haloed 
with sky-girt rings and courted by eight roseate 
moons, giving her lovers always moonlight nights 
and holding ever above them a gorgeous bridal robe 
of brilliant colors. Beyond is Uranus with six sat- 
ellites. And yet another stupendous world, speed- 
ing on in the prodigious circle of his tireless jour- 
ney, cuts the (niter rim of our solar system, and 
along his gloomy course Neptune takes his cold 
and lonesome way, with one moon; the sun here 
being so distant and dim that it is scarce more than 
an exceedingly brilliant and dazzling star, without 
power to thaw the tropics of this far-away planet. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 59 

SIDERIAL. 

And what is in the beyond? Ay, rather what 
is not beyond the pathless swing of the solar walk? 
There are facts in nature before which human 
thought halts in suspense, and contemplates in hu- 
miliation and awe; such are those of infinity of 
space and eternity of duration. 

We find ourselves situated in the midst of the 
nebula called the Milky Way, the extent of which, 
traveling 186,000 miles per second, would continue 
for fifteen thousand years ! Thus, in the field of a 
telescope, our retina may receive the impression of 
a luminous ray, which started before Adam walked 
in Paradise. In this ocean current of astral orbs 
are variable stars whose light undergoes a periodical 
variation of intensity of brightness and color. It 
contains double, multiple, and colored suns. There 
are worlds out yonder which we might reach by 
traveling with the velocity of light for a century or 
more, which have suns of different colors. Imagine, 
if you can, a world where, instead of a white sun, 
the source of all colors, a blue sun rose and filled 
the heavens with its violet rays, and as it bent the 
eastern arch in its apparent course, a second sun 
suddenly arrived making the eastern horizon an 
aerial sea of scarlet flame, disputing the empire of 
colors with the violet orb. The red sun rises as the 
blue one sinks, and objects are colored to the east 
with red rays and to the west with blue. 

Again, suppose, as in Hercules, a world with a 
red sun and a green sun alternating the skies with 
scarlet and emerald ! Or take a system of Andro- 
meda, a large central sun of orange, and a smaller 



6o THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

double sun of green, built up of a blue and yellow. 
And what must the moons of these worlds show 
forth? A moon half red and half green; moons of 
silver and moons of gold ; a ruby moon ; an emer- 
ald moon, an opal moon! What heavenly jewelry! 
And what do eclipses mean here? What endless 
change in the shifting of the plates in the kaleido- 
scope of the skies! Can imagination of poets or 
the caprice of painters fancy anything more daring 
or gloriously sublime? What variety of light, what 
gorgeousness of shade, what unimaginable beauty 
clothes with supernal splendor these distant worlds 
scattered in endless space. 

And if these worlds are peopled, they that con- 
template these wonders doubtless do not appreciate 
the picturesque value of their abode. Custom de- 
stroys interest and that which daily surrounds us 
loses its value, and we drop to things infinitely less 
worthy of our thoughts. The novel and unexpected 
gain our attention regardless of importance, and 
if people came from thence to us they would be as- 
tonished at our indifference to beauties peculiar to 
this planet. 

The nearest star, Alpha Centauri. in the south- 
ern heavens, is computed to be over twenty trillions 
of miles away. Let's take a trip to it by rail. We 
pay six hundred billion dollars for a ticket. At 
what rate do we travel? A mile a minute, includ- 
ing stoppages. When shall we reach Centauri ? In 
48,663,000 years! The "dog star" is three hun- 
dred and twenty-four times as large as our sun, 
shines two hundred times as brightly, and it re- 
quires seventeen years fur its light to reach us. Arc- 
turus whirls through space two hundred thousand 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 61 

miles an hour, yet "it requires three centuries for it 
to move over the starry vault a space equal to the 
moon's disk." Our whole solar system is traveling 
through space at a tremendous velocity, not yet 
definitely determined. It is moving away from 
Sirius, and toward the constellation of Hercules; 
the rate is estimated at a million miles a day. 

The Milky Way marks the longitudinal direc- 
tion of the lenticular nebula to which our system 
belongs. All the stars which we see sparkling in 
the nocturnal skies belong to this cluster. So dis- 
tant are the well-known configuration — the Pole 
Star with its pointers, the bands of Orion, Arc- 
turus, Mazzaroth, and the Pleiades, that they ap- 
pear to those of the nearer stars just as they ap- 
peared to Job five thousand years ago and three 
score billion miles away from their astral homes. 

And are these all? 

Nay, we must exclaim with the patient man of 
Uz : "Lo, these are but a portion of his ways, they 
utter but a whisper of his glory; the thunder of 
his power who can understand?" 

Not yet are the wonders of the heavens ex- 
hausted. For should we stand on the world of the 
furthermost star of the Milky Way and look forth 
into the mysterious abyss which lies beyond, the 
telescope would reveal new marvels of extended cre- 
ation. Beyond the most distant star which the most 
powerful telescope reveals the background is flecked 
with innumerable nebulae. We catch glimpses of 
star clusters so remote that the light of them which 
we see was old when the earth was "without form 
and void." The velocity of light is 11,130,000 
miles a minute and bridges the radius of the earth's 



62 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

orbit in a little more than eight minutes, but the 
light that shows us some of these star clusters has 
been traveling with this unimaginable velocity for 
millions of years, before delivering to us their mes- 
sage. For if we find out at what distance we must 
remove our Milky Way in order to reduce it to the 
limit of an average nebulae, we find that we must 
remove it 334 times its length, a distance which a 
ray of light from the full bosom of the sun would 
take five millions of years to accomplish ! 

Think of that boundless wilderness of intermin- 
able ether, through which sweep on. in their grand 
revelry, millions of suns, planets, satellites, comets, 
meteors — making systems on systems of constella- 
tions in a universe of endless expansion! A nebula 
is a floating archipelago of gems, handful of float- 
ing glory in the incomputable far away, which, 
under the powerful telescope, blossoms into a beau- 
tiful pleasure ground of rollicking worlds! 

There are groups, systems and streams of pri- 
mary suns; there are whole galaxies of minor orbs; 
there are clustered stellar aggregations showing 
every variety of richness of figure and distribu- 
tion; all the various forms of nebulae, resolvable 
and irresolvable, circular, elliptical, spiral and ir- 
regular masses of luminous gas — all poured from 
the infinite fullness of nature's cornucopia. 

Each satellite revolves around a world ; each 
planet has its orbit around a central sun; each sun 
has its path along the trackless void, and claims 
kinship with a nebula ; how many steps might we 
go along this ascending scale before we reached the 
climax? The Milky Way may be hut a unit in a 
greater and more gorgeous whole, and the system 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 63 

in which it swings may be but a fraction of a yet 
more tremendous scheme ! 

And on, and on ! 

How superior are these studies to the common 
preoccupations which go to make up the routine of 
our citizen habits! how little is man if he does not 
rise above the petty foibles of life; leave the follies 
of mankind to low ambitions and the pride of fools ; 
disdain to live the narrow life of the simple-minded, 
and turn with musing eyes to the great throbbing 
universe of infinite beauty and exhaustless energy 
that 

"Warms in the sun, refreshes in the breeze, 
Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees; 
Lives through all life, extends through all extent; 
Spreads undivided, operates unspent " 

Earthly things lose their value, and the insignifi- 
cance of what we are usually prone to allow to fret 
and worry us becomes so apparent that we can 
readily rise above them and enter the higher realm 
of thought. How glorious to feel with Emerson, 
that 

"I am owner of the sphere, 

Of the seven stars and solar year ; 

Of Caesar's hand and Plato's brain, 

Of Lord Christ's heart and Shakespeare's strain." 



The transient, fleeting pleasures and pains of hu- 
man life as known here, compared with the perma- 
nence and infinite extent of the courts, temples, 
thrones, kingdoms, empires, and republics of the 



64 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

skies make us join with the author of Irish Melo- 
dies : 

"There's nothing bright but Heaven, 

And false the light on glory's plume, 
As fading hues of even ; 
And love and hope and beauty's bloom, 
Are blossoms gathered for the tomb ; 
There's nothing bright but Heaven." 

We are surrounded by the occult, and we live in 
a laboratory of magic. There is none greater than 
thought itself. It is Man's omnipotence; without 
it there would be no March of Intellect. 



CHAPTER VIII 
GLIMPSES OF THE FUTURE 



CHAPTER VIII. 

GLIMPSES OF THE FUTURE: CERTAINTIES, AND THE 
POSSIBLE AND PROBABLE. 

Everything operates in accordance with the laws 
of cause and effect. Life, individually and col- 
lectively, is a sequence. The present is the product 
of the past, and the future is in the keeping of the 
present. Things accomplished are prophecies of 
things to come. Every achievement is to the am- 
bitious an inspiration. The ideal is the basis of the 
practical. From the cornucopia of science, art, and 
labor, numberless blessings have been, and are being 
poured, and others will follow that will eclipse all 
that have preceded. 

The human Will is the greatest causation in the 
affairs of mankind. The simple produces the mar- 
velous. The mightiest engine moves at a breath; 
and the gates of the land of promise that youth 
covets in dreams swing open at the touch of genius. 

Better facilities in every department of human 
life are being placed in our reach, and it is for the 
twentieth century to regulate the operation of them 
and the interests in them so that the general dis- 
semination of the benefits will follow the dissemi- 
nation of popular rights and intelligence. 

This is an entirely strenuous and practical age, 
67 * 



68 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

and portentious of radical changes within the pres- 
ent century. Some in the immediate future, others 
more remote. Some things we shall speak of as a 
part of the future, many, perhaps, may think highly 
improbable; but we shall not separate what seems 
to us as certain from the uncertain, preferring to 
leave that for each one to do according to his 
prophetic judgment. 

MECHANICAL. 

It is the object of science to discover and explain 
the laws and order of natural phenomena. In the 
realm of physics, engineering, and mechanical in- 
vention, a knowledge of the laws of physical forces 
has led to marvelous results and is pointing the 
way to grander achievements. We think we have 
the means of transportation down to a fine point, 
but electric cars will go from Xcw York to San 
Francisco in twenty-four hours, and electric ships 
will go from New York to Liverpool in two days. 
Freight transportation will be as fast as our light- 
ning express trains are now. Farmers will haul 
their produce to market with automobiles. Aerial 
navigation will be practicalizcd. At the aerial sta- 
tion the crier will be heard to shout : "Southbound 
excursionists all aboard the Golden Eagle for Mex- 
ico City, Central and South America! This way 
for the Aerial — visits all European capitals this 
month! All aboard the Orient for a bird's-eye 
view of the Celestial Empire and the Himilayas!" 

We now talk across the continent by telephone 
and receive telegraphic news of events from Europe 
and the Orient several hours before they happen. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 69 

Wireless telegraphy has lately come. Soon wire- 
less circuits will span the world. 

We will sit in a theatre in New York and see and 
hear a play acted in a theatre in London. People 
in San Francisco will be able to see people in Ma- 
nila. 

The wind and waves furnish power ready for 
harness, as does the Niagara. 

The sands of Sahara will be utilized. The torrid 
rays of the summer's sun will be conserved for win- 
ter. 

The storage battery will furnish power for trans- 
portation and the alembic arts. 

Mining, one of the most arduous occupations of 
men, will be done almost exclusively by machinery, 
as manufacturing is now. 

INDUSTRIAL. 

As a result of the marvelous progress in mechan- 
ics in recent years the world's industries have com- 
pletely revolutionized and leaped forward at unpre- 
cedented strides. The power of the race to feed 
and clothe itself has increased incalculably. The 
story of the world's commerce is the story of man's 
mastery over the productivity of the earth. For 
the United States statistics show a growth in im- 
ports from $436,000,000 in 1870 to $903,000,000 
in 1902, and in exports from $376,000,000 to $1,- 
355,000,000; the excess of exports over imports for 
this country being greater than in all other coun- 
tries combined. 

James Watt patented his steam engine the year 
that Wellington and Napoleon were born, and 



;o THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

Watt's idea, materialized in the steam chest, was 
destined to exert far more influence in shaping the 
world's future than both these triumphant battle- 
gods combined. 

The industrial world will undergo a remarkable 
transformation during the century. Those who so 
wish will be enabled to enjoy the united benefits of 
city and country life. With the aid of advanced 
applications of machinery half a dozen men will be 
able to produce enough to support a thousand. The 
productivity of the soils will be vastly increased by 
extracting nitrogen from that inexhaustible source 
of supply, the atmosphere, and electrifying seeds 
and soil for gardening. The greater part of the 
enormous amount of labor performed in providing 
for domestic animals will be obviated by the sub- 
stitution of motor power for horse power and veg- 
etable food for animal food. Farmers will have 
their self-propelling wagons, plows, binders, thresh- 
ers, etc., and, if they choose, live in the then more 
evenly distributed cities. Farming will be a science 
the same as engineering. Farms will be conducted 
on the bonanza scale and fanners will be professors 
of agriculture, the same as college instructors are 
professors of literary branches. 

Submarine boats provided with search lights, 
grappling apparatus, and destructive weapons will 
feed millions from the seas. 

Ready-cooked meals fit for a king will be fur- 
nished from culinary establishments at a nominal 
cost. Cooks will be chemists and dietarians. Good 
food, sanitation, hygienic knowledge, and less 
posure will lengthen life and take most of the medi- 
cal tax and physical suffering from the millions. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 71 

SOCIOLOGICAL. 

Mechanical and industrial progress will lead to 
great sociological changes, which in turn will re- 
quire civic revolution. 

Physical science has developed and wrought phe- 
nomenal wonders, and, doubtless, still greater 
achievements are in store in this field of human ef- 
fort, but the sublimest advances that lie just ahead 
of us are intellectual rather than physical in char- 
acter and the advance social, rather than material. 
Man has been struggling actively with inanimate 
nature and physical forces and adapting them to 
his ends. There lie before him the world of the 
immaterial and the forces of society and the intel- 
lect to be treated with similar activity. 

In the good time coming education will be abso- 
lutely free to all. It will be more practical and 
less stress placed on dead languages and mythol- 
ogies. Studies will be arranged according to their 
natural relations, and in the order of the develop- 
ment of the head, heart, and hand. The aim will 
be to develop faculties and inspire lofty interests 
rather than to pursue the old art of cramming. A 
universal language will be taught in all the colleges 
of every country — a few hundred words at first, se- 
lected by learned linguists, so that every one may 
be understood wherever he goes — a complete pho- 
netic language at last, into which the most valu- 
able of every tongue will be translated. From the 
universities of the future will come young men and 
women trained, developed, educated in mind, 
muscle, and morals, ready and anxious for life's ac- 
tivities. A capable, forcible, alert, healthy, noble, 



72 THE .MARCH OF INTELLECT 

progressive people will be a happy people, and true 
happiness is the rightful goal of all existence. 

We are made up of elements — one of which is 
gender. These elements should be well balanced. 
The delicacy of poise, the equilibrium of mental 
proportion and formation, makes the ideal man or 
woman. Different combinations make different 
temperaments and characters. The expert phre- 
nologist analyzes these and reads human nature as 
we read colors with the eye. Each member of the 
human race is the product of heredity and environ- 
ment. 

The highest ambition that parents can enter- 
tain is to rear a superior offspring. There is 
such a thing as happy and successful married life, 
and it comes of obeying the law of adaptation in 
wedlock. It is for Human Science to discover and 
explain the order of nature in domestic happiness 
and heredity. Scientific Courtship will be insti- 
tuted and guide fair Cupid to Love's Arcana. Then 
there will be no more ill-mated pairs. The worthy 
will walk in wisdom's ways and life be sweet. The 
noble will survive and the depraved become extinct. 
Genius will be the rule and not the exception. Hap- 
hazard matches will be no more and marrying for 
wealth, support, or convenience will be out of the 
question. Love will wear the crown and wield the 
sceptre of power. 

In the future human rights will be recognized 
without distinction of class or sex. Woman will 
have every civil and social privilege accorded to 
man, and man be held to the same standards that he 
holds woman. 

Whisky, tobacco, and narcotics will cease to be 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 73 

used. Intemperance and demoralizing habits being 
abandoned, will mean more leisure and comfort. 

FOREIGN DISSEMINATION. 

The planting of results of recent civilization in 
all the regions of the earth is one of the most im- 
portant directions in which we may look for a de- 
clared exercise of twentieth century activity. The 
progress of the last hundred years, great as it has 
been in every direction, must be considered as con- 
fined within comparatively narrow limits of geo- 
graphic space and ethnographic bounds. 

The United States, North-central Europe, Can- 
ada, Australia, and European settlements in South 
Africa have been the seat of most active progress; 
Spanish America — all south of the United States — 
Russia and Southern Europe have played secondary 
parts in development; Asia (excepting Japan) and 
Africa (except the colonies above mentioned) have 
practically taken no part at all. The wonderful 
alacrity with which the Japanese have responded 
to the magic touch of the new civilization shows 
what may be expected during the century from 
other countries where the spirit of progress is being 
engrafted in the centres of intellectual activity. 

The colonies of the world, including in this term 
all territory not contiguous to the country by whose 
government it is controlled, occupy two-fifths of the 
land surface of the globe and contain one-third of 
the world's population, or about 500,000,000 peo- 
ple. Only about three per cent, of these are com- 
posed in any considerable degree of the people of 
governing country or their descendants — the British 



74 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

colonies of Canada, Australia, and South Africa. 
The remaining 485,000,000 are of different stock 
from the governing country, and less than one per 
cent, of their population is of the nationality which 
administers the government. Practically all of 
Africa, Oceanica, and Southern Asia are governed 
by countries not contiguous to them. All of the 
governing countries are located in the temperate 
zone, and the territories governed as colonies or de- 
pendencies are, with the exception of Canada and 
Southern Oceanica, tropical or sub-tropical. In the 
colonies composed of the people of the governing 
country, or their descendants, the administration of 
government is left almost exclusively to the people 
of the colonies themselves. In the colonies wl 
population is chiefly of the race, customs, and cli- 
matic conditions differing from those of the home 
country, the governor and other executive officers 
are usually appointed by the home government, and 
these, with the aid of native legislative bodies, 
frame the laws and regulations which are admin- 
istered by the officers appointed by the ruling state. 



CHAPTER IX 
EXAMPLES FROM HISTORY 



CHAPTER IX. 
EXAMPLES FROM HISTORY. 

The Grecian states performed remarkable feats 
of colonization, but each colony as soon as created 
became entirely independent of the mother state, 
and in after years was almost as apt to prove an 
enemy as a friend. Local self-government, local in- 
dependence, was secured at the sacrifice of national 
unity. In consequence the Greek world was unable 
to permanently withstand a formidable foreign foe. 
As soon as powerful empires arose on the outskirts 
the Greek states in the neighborhood of such em- 
pires fell under their sway. National power and 
greatness was completely sacrificed to local inde- 
pendence. 

Rome pursued the opposite course. She expanded 
her rule over the entire civilized world by a process 
of absolutism, which kept the nation strong and 
united, but gave no room for local liberty and self- 
government. All other cities and countries were 
subject to Rome. In consequence, this masterful 
race of warriors, rulers, builders, and administrators 
stamped their indelible impress upon all the after 
life of our race, and yet let corruption — that ever 
follows overcentralization and unchecked author- 
ity—eat out the vitals of the empire until it became 

77 



78 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

an empty shell; so that when the barbarians came 
they destroyed only what had already become worth- 
less to the world. 

When our government was founded a new policy 
was inaugurated. Each new state added to the 
union was given local self-government and at the 
same time it assumed its full proportional share in 
the administration of the central government. This 
process now seems to us part of the natural order 
of things, a matter of elementary right and justice, 
but it was wholly unknown until this republic de- 
vised it. When Congress began admitting new 
states into the Union on a footing of complete 
equality with the old, every European nation which 
had colonies still administered them as dependencies 
and treated the colonist not as a self-governing 
equal, but as a subject. 

How, then, does the case for liberty stand now? 
What is lacking in the free scope of free men? 
Free action is wanted on just one point. We are 
free in matters of religion. There are but few in- 
stances of persecution in remote places of late. 
We are also free in matters of political practice; 
there are, perhaps, more exceptions to political free- 
dom than religious freedom, but still political free- 
dom is practically assured. But 

ECONOMIC 

Industrial freedom is yet a dream. 

So long as this struggle between capital and la- 
bor wages there will be industrial slavery. There 
will be no great change in the industrial system un- 
til the present centralizing tendency is complete — 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 



79 



until ideals change and the masses have come to 
industrial consciousness. 

Our forefathers thought they had established a 
representative democracy that would be a sure safe- 
guard against all tyranny. They did not know that 
they had laid the foundation for the free and un- 
trammeled development of capitalism — a moneyed 
oligarchy rooted and grounded in the industrial, 
political, and even religious life of the race. Un- 
der its domination the sentiments of the Declara- 
tion of Independence and the purposes of the Con- 
stitution became empty platitudes. "Equal rights 
to all and special privileges for none" soon came to 
mean the survival of the more powerful and un- 
scrupulous in the struggle of the petty gods of 
mammon; and from the industrial conflict emerges 
a Morgan and a Rockefeller, who, having the right 
under the rule of "Business" to beat every one in 
the battle of privilege, master the field and compel 
their class to unite under the code of greed on the 
capitalistic basis. Industry becomes as helpless un- 
der the domination of "trusts" as an infant in the 
hands of a giant. 

Industrial independence has never been estab- 
lished by man. Economic freedom, self-directive 
work, is with the toiling world no more to-day than 
when man, a troglodite, cracked the bones of his 
victims in the Delphic caves where echoed the thun- 
der peal and the battle roar of the clashing billows 
of the sea. Then the strong devoured the weak — 
actually ate their flesh. In spite of all the prog- 
ress man has made, in spite of all advances in 
science, in spite of all the blood he has shed for 
freedom, in spite of all the nations he has reared 



80 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

and the laws he has enacted, the strong, the cun- 
ning, the heartless still live on the weak, the un- 
fortunate, and foolish. They eat their flesh and 
drink their blood, by a sort of artful transsubstan- 
tiation which allows them to continue to live and 
produce more. They live on their labor, on their 
denial, their weariness and want. The poor man 
who deforms himself by toil, who labors for wife 
and child through all his anxious, barren, wasted 
life has been the food of others. 

Is this always to be the case? I think not. We 
are fast passing from individualistic production to 
industrial feudalism. Every workman must find an 
employer. The functions of head and hand are per- 
formed by different individuals. The permanency 
of opportunity and the privilege of self-control in 
respect to one's work is as yet a dream. Individ- 
ualistic production is attended by enormous loss of 
every kind. Industrial feudalism brings order into 
the chaos occasioned by competition. The law of 
economy requires the co-ordination of effort, such 
as is in the corporation and trust. It is performing 
this service for the world and demonstrating that 
individualistic effort cannot compete with co-ope- 
rative effort. It is educating the people in co-ope- 
rative industrialism and preparing them for the as- 
sumption of universal industrial control when feu- 
dalism shall have fulfilled its mission. 

Laborers must own the means of production or 
pay tribute to those who do. 

So long as the petty kings of finance and prince- 
magnates of wealth can successfully solve the ques- 
tions of employment they may hope to hold sway. 
Capitalists must devise new ways of spending 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 81 

money and of setting the task for labor. An un- 
employed person and an unconsumed product is a 
menace to the whole order. We have periods of 
"overproduction," when the capitalists tell the 
workingman, "We cannot employ you; if we do, 
you will be making something we cannot sell; the 
market is full." The laborer has received only liv- 
ing wages and his livelihood depends upon con- 
tinued employment. He has not been able to "lay 
up goods for many days hence," and the gaunt wolf 
meets him at the door. 

He begins to feel like an anarchist, and there is 
trouble. When the laborer is producing more than 
the wages he receives enables him to purchase and 
consume these periods of overproduction must in- 
evitably occur at stated periods. 

Those who buy service get the most and best they 
can for the least money that will secure it. Those 
who sell their service market it at the highest price 
they can obtain. This fundamental fact renders 
labor and capital antagonistic. The more one gets 
out of the proceeds of the work, whatever it may 
be, the less there is left for the other. The settle- 
ment of a strike no more settles the strike question 
than the capture of a runaway negro used to set- 
tle the slavery question. The cause still exists. 

The greater part of the surplus accumulated in 
the past by capital has gone into new machinery 
of production. 

It has made this the greatest industrial nation of 
history. And the world is being ransacked for new 
fields of exploitation that the demands for employ- 
ment may not be balked by producing more than 
the worker can purchase and consume. The open- 



82 MARCH OF THE INTELLECT 

ing of new markets may postpone indefinitely the 
unemployed problem. But, in the last analysis, re- 
ligious, political, and industrial freedom depend 
for their effectiveness upon character and capacity 
in the individual. When the law of economic jus- 
tice is understood it will be applied. Universal ap- 
preciation of a right will bring it. 

The end of statecraft is not to build a great na- 
tion, but to build a great people. To do this each 
individual must have an opportunity to develop the 
best that is in him. To be tied down to a task or 
occupation is repugnant, and to have the imperious 
voice of Necessity commanding eternally "Do this 
or starve" is to starve, for it starves the heart and 
all that makes life a joy, and the higher aspirations 
of your being pine away and die. Man never does 
his best till he works because he wants to and not 
because he has to. To be forced to give up your 
individuality is to be vassalized. To be forced to 
contribute to the support of useless parasites in 
pompons luxury is to be victimized. Time and la- 
bor are required to do or produce anything and re- 
wards should go in proportion to results of efforts, 
and not by accidents of legal advantage, or the ar- 
bitrary rules of an antiquated system founded on 
force, cunning, tyranny, and greed. Personal re- 
ward for personal effort, compensation for labor on 
the basis of the value of the product or service of 
each person, these will be the industrial ideals of 
justice in the coming civilization. 

Since governments were instituted one of the 
greatest burdens the people have had to bear has 
been that of taxation. Tn the good time coming 
taxes will be a mere nothing. The causes which dc- 






MARCH OF THE INTELLECT 83 

mand such large expenditures will be removed; 
much of the friction and useless expense of present 
methods of production and distribution will be obvi- 
ated. Our annual cost of crime is $600,000,000. 
Europe's war budget on a peace footing is a billion. 
When our industrial and social systems "leadeth 
not into temptation but delivereth from evil," there 
will be no need of pouring treasures into this source 
of waste. It will require no special miracle to do 
away with the nuisance of useless waste. When it 
is done the worst tyrant that ever ruled and reigned 
shall have been dethroned, and the race be emanci- 
pated from a slavery that has caused more suffer- 
ing than all other despotisms. 

Most of our laws are concerned with property 
interests that would be useless under a rational 
economic system. The living present is worth all 
the dead past. Why do we suffer from laws made 
by others and permit injustice and absurdities to 
continue? It is our proneness to follow the "Calf 
Path" of custom. Our ideas of property, of own- 
ership,, of duty and rights are legacies from the 
dead. It is outrageously ridiculous that the limita- 
tions and conditions and crudities of the dead 
should hang like corpses to the living present. The 
rights of the unborn are more sacred than the au- 
thority of the dead. Why do we exalt gambling 
on a large scale and debase it on a small scale? 
Why do we allow machinery to oppress the toiler 
rather than emancipate him ? There is only one an- 
swer — we are the ignorant slaves of the despotism 
of the dead. If we would make history and go for- 
ward we must brush aside precedent. It was when 
the makers of history stepped out of dead men's 



84 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

shoes and tore from their minds the cobwebs of 
tradition that they led the world to better things. 
We allow ourselves to be spiritually, politically, 
and economically plundered by the ghouls of the 
dead. One independent thinker is worth a regiment 
of party-bound slaves. Those who bow supinely 
to formal sympathy, or disregard the good and 
great of the past because it is old, and listen only 
to history's litany of sorrow cannot bask in the 
dawn. 



CHAPTER X 
WE ARE ENTERING THE PSYCHIC AGE 



CHAPTER X. 

WE ARE ENTERING THE PSYCHIC AGE. WE ARE 
DEVELOPING 

"Tall men, sun-crowned, who live above the fog 
In public duty and in private thinking." 

A respectable mind-hunger can find substantial 
food in modern psychological research. The elimi- 
nation of material obstacles to the progress of hu- 
man life must be followed by the elimination of ab- 
stract obstacles. We have passed through the age 
of physical force, on to the age of intellectual su- 
premacy, and are now entering a new and almost 
unknown field of research, that of psychic power. 
This field of energy has its laws as well as others, 
and we should acquaint ourselves with them, or we 
will be crowded to the wall as are the ignorant in 
the scramble on the material planes of effort Each 
form of vibration requires its own form of instru- 
ment for registration. At present the human brain 
seems to be the only instrument capable of register- 
ing thought waves. Although scientists are striv- 
ing to invent apparatus sufficiently delicate to catch 
and register such impressions. 

Though gravity is a phenomenon which still 
wants a satisfactory explanation, and we are igno- 
rant of the means by which distant bodies influence 

87 



88 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

one another, the modus operandi of telepathic com- 
munication is far more mysterious. The Rt. Hon. 
A. J. Balfour, F. R. S., (ex-Prime Minister of 
Great Britain) in speaking of telepathy says that 
the fact that one mind can influence another at a 
distance (if fact it be) is far more scientifically ex- 
traordinary than would be the destruction of this 
globe by a celestial catastrophe. "And to telep- 
athy," he adds, "the observations I have been mak- 
ing do in my opinion most strictly apply." 

If telepathy be demonstrated and its laws un- 
folded people will converse with each other without 
the aid of any mechanical contrivance whatever, 
though they be on opposite sides of the earth. Years 
ago when we wanted to send a thought across the 
sea we represented it on paper and put it on board a 
steamer. Later a fine electric line was substituted. 
And now Marconi talks from Massachusetts to Eng- 
land with his wireless system. By and by we shall 
probably be able to think across the ocean without 
going to the trouble and expense of getting up ap- 
paratus at even the shore ends of the route. 

But do not jump at the conclusion that present 
methods will be done away with soon. It was as 
late as July 4 1903, that the Pacific cable was com- 
pleted, extending from San Francisco to Manila, 
thus completing the first entire girdle of the earth 
by electric wire. It will be a long while before 
telepathy supersedes other ways oi communication. 
It is not for every one to do everything. But you 
should not doubt the possibility of a thing because 
you cannot do it. lie that never loved cannot un- 
derstand it. lie may say there is ho such tiling, 
but lie who has felt its fire knows better. Then man 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 89 

on the height sees the rising sun sooner than does 
the man in the valley, and there are mental heights 
and depths as well as physical. We should not be 
hasty in placing limitations on the powers of in- 
tellect. The electric X-ray, which penetrates the 
body and makes it transparent, may be outrivaled 
by the psychic X-ray. How does the Hindoo ma- 
gician perform his miracles in the open air if not 
by telepo-hypnotism ? The psychmeter claims that 
the past lives in the present and can be read by 
sensitives at the proper call. Clairvoyance, me- 
diumship, mental therapy, etc., have their challeng- 
ing advocates. May we not be building a shining 
stairway up through the kingdom of mind to the 
soul's arcana? The distance between the finite and 
the infinite is growing less day by day, and the 
flashing of the signals from the heliograph of the 
stars are shining more and yet more on the visions 
of seers. 

Are there other worlds than ours? Are there 
human beings on our neighboring planets? 

We cannot as yet demonstrate. Worlds like Mars 
may be in hailing distance, and instead of confin- 
ing our knowledge to the physical make up and 
movements of the planets, signals of intelligence 
may be exchanged between us and the people on 
the other worlds out yonder. Mars may serve as 
a way station and pass our messages to Jupiter and 
Jupiter to Saturn and so on. And in the dim eter- 
nity of future ages the collective mind of our solar 
system may seek the assistance of other solar sys- 
tems, to continue the course of evolution, to fathom 
the riddles of whence and whither, and to make 
Mind the Master of the Universe. 



90 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

ETHICS. 

The legitimate end of all legislation and juris- 
prudence is to interpret and sustain good morals 
and the highest precepts. The cardinal virtues of 
Duty and Mercy, outside of expediency, do not 
seem to have been brought forward by the great 
philosophers. However the moral standards of an- 
cient societies were not void of the higher concepts 
of human conduct. Those which prevailed in an- 
cient Egypt were in no wise inferior in the ab- 
stract. 

The motive held up by most moralists is still ex- 
pediency. Promise of reward and threat of pun- 
ishment are held up as our portion in this world 
I the world to come as the result of acts, deeds, 
and thoughts. And nature's laws all point to thi 
code. Hope, fear, and a sense of duty, which con- 
science lays upon the will, are the passions appealed 
to by this philosophy. Any act prompted by either 
or all of them is at best a refined egotism. They 
are passing; there is something better. Hope, fear, 
or a guilty conscience is a master that scourges its 
slave to his task. One deserves no credit for doing 
what he is driven to do. 

"What, then, is offered as an inducement for one 
to live a higher life, a life of virtue, of helpful' 
of service and aspiration?" If it takes an extrane- 
ous "inducement" to get you to do a thi; 
takes the sword of vengeance or a royal robe to 
turn you from wrong, there is something radically 
wrong with your make-up. All willful acts 
wrong are signs of depravity. Normal mind 
misdirect. Wisdom follows the law of happy 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 91 

quence. Mistakes represent the wasted energy of 
ignorance. There never was a child rightly con- 
ceived, gestated, born, and environed that ever com- 
mitted a willful sin. All questions of human life 
are primarily questions of mental formation. The 
cause of all immorality is unfavorable, abnormal, 
imperfect mental formation. Mental formation is 
primarily of nature by heredity and secondarily of 
training by environment. To follow the path of 
duty, the way of wisdom, the course of a full 
rounded, perfect life out of pure love for Right, for 
Justice, for Happiness, and all Good, and to take 
supreme Delight in the consciousness of being in 
harmony with the eternal Law of Purity and the 
highest and noblest in all things, to strive toward 
perfection for its own sake, this is the life of the 
normal man of the future. 

The world is yet far from this goal. No legis- 
lative act has yet saved society from the ravages of 
vice, sensuality, greed, and injustice, and to-day 
every degree of savagery and immorality still ex- 
ists in so-called civilized countries. But there ex- 
ists a growing tendency to accept abstract truth 
and right outside of individual expediency as stan- 
dards of conduct, and to apply these regardless of 
sex, class, or persons, according to the logic of 
trained reason. The principle that well-doing, un- 
less it is disinterested, forfeits its claim to the high- 
est respect of men, is growing in strength, whilst 
the feeling is gaining ground that being and not 
having is the higher aim.. Everywhere and at all 
periods of history the theory of ethics has widely 
differed from practical conduct. And modern 
casuistry, if it no longer seeks to justify falsehood 



92 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

and crime committed on behalf of Church or State, 
still exonerates royalty in the East and wealth in 
the world of affairs in the West and excuses the 
high corporate official or the industrial magnate of 
an infraction of the higher code by which personal 
integrity is judged in dealing with constituents and 
rival corporations. 

There are two kinds of selfishness: Egotistic and 
Altruistic. The former seeks self-aggrandizement 
without regard to the effects of its methods on the 
welfare of others. The latter seeks the perform- 
ance of duty regardless of consequences to self. 
Differing judgments cause differing consciences 
and conceptions of duty. But it is of duty as seen 
and felt by the doer that we must always reckon. 
Every one is supposed to delight in doing good and 
being approved of others. But when wc know not 
what the result will be, or, what is worse, know 
that it will not be appreciated by the beneficiaries 
of our efforts, it takes a self-forget fulness and de- 
votion to duty beyond the claims of any motive 
other than love of good for its own sake. 

To do a good deed, to help some one. to discover 
a new truth, as an astronomer discovers a new 
planet — these are joys that neither the brute nor the 
crude man ever tastes or can ever understand. 
When our conscience's approval is sufficient reward 
to prompt us to action at imminent peril of self 

"For the cause that needs assistance. 
For the wrongs that nerd resistance, 
For the future in the distance, 

And the pood that we can do." 

then it is that we are capable of golden deeds. 

When it is easier for tis to dare and do for our fel- 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 93 

low man than to refuse — and thereby invoke the 
condemnation of our better self upon our heads — 
then we may walk that shining way made glorious 
by the heroes all down the ages to whose memory 
the living world ever gladly pays the tribute of its 
admiration and its tears. 

When the vices of the ages shall have been swept 
away, and the virtues of a higher life are allowed 
to bloom; when man, not men, shall rule in the re- 
publics of the world ; when worth, not wealth, shall 
be the badge of honor ; when honesty, not fraud, is 
the rule of trade; when justice, not advantage, is 
the code of ethics ; when work, not gambling, is the 
order of business; when production, not specula- 
tion, is the livelihood of men ; when deed, not creed, 
is the core of religion; when brains, not money, is 
the measure of a man; when worth, not position, 
is the estimate of a woman; when love, not force, 
is coveted of men; then will man be reaping the 
fruition of the toils of the world's worthy heroes 
who have patiently worked and bravely lived, nobly 
endured and hopefully done for the glory of man. 
If you have the spirit, in these days of transition, to 
labor for man's highest manifestation, give yourself 
to it, for 'tis the best that life can yield, and go read 
your reward in the Sermon on the Mount. 



PART SECOND 

CHAPTER I 

A HISTORICAL PARADIGM 



PART SECOND 
CHAPTER I. 

A HISTORICAL PARADIGM. 

Origin and Destiny are mysteries. 

Life itself is a miracle not yet fathomed, a prob- 
lem that mind has never solved. 

Man began the battle of life somewhere, at some 
time, and in some manner, but, as the individual 
keeps no record of his infancy, so Man has no his- 
tory of his childhood. For a record of the infancy 
of the Race he must, therefore, rely upon such 
knowledge as he can gain by reasoning from effect 
to cause, or accept the testimony of those who claim 
supernatural revelations. 

From the dawn of history to the present his prog- 
ress has been a tidal one. Out from the moon- 
washed shades of night, with its ignorance and bar- 
barism, into the gray dawn of civilization's gorgeous 
day he has come by intermittent steps. His foot- 
prints through the ages are marked by proud mon- 
uments and mouldering ruins, the evidence alike of 
human aspirations and disappointments. 

The estimate we place upon our achievements is 
a spur to further endeavor, and a distinct quality 
of civilization, but our modern material display is 
97 



98 THE MARCH OF INTELL] 

far less flattering to our national conceit and indi- 
vidual vanity when we read the records of antiquity 
which prove that Man's institutions are transient 
and met amorphic, and in his efforts to reach a more 
perfect civilization he has retrograded after each 
advance — the sea ebbs as often as it floods. One 
generation crowds upon the heels of another and the 
plowshare of time turns them into nameless gn. 
"All that tread the globe are but a handfull to the 
tribes that slumber in its bosom.'' 

Many regard the present as the highest advance 
yet made in a persistent ascent toward the heights 
of attainment, but ancient history and achae< I 
show that in many particulars we are not so near 
the summit as others who trod the toilsome path- 
way long ago, and in some instances but the pigmy 
imitators of long silent races. Nations have risen 
in their strength and gone down to graves ig 
ious amid the crash of battle and conflagration-, 
kindled by conquest and plunder, comman 
tyranny ruling with the rod of iron. 

Mankind seems swung in a hammock, one i 
pendent from the dawn of creation, the otl 
to the golden stairway that leads to eternity. In 
this cradle the spirit of human intelligence has been 
swinging to the lullaby of the centuries, as with the 
movement of a pendulum, forward and backward; 
thus has man advanced and fallen back, stop; 
never, but losing one vantage ground only to 
and gain another. 

In comparing ancient and modern civilizations it 
is well to note that eaeli peculiar order of human 
society — civilized and uncivilized — is Stical, 

and the estimate that is placed on any achievement 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 99 

depends on the point of view of the one who 
judges. 

Progress is of two kinds — material and intellec- 
tual. Material progress is necessarily cumulative. 
Each successive generation may add to the stock of 
its heritage in material things without being one 
whit more intellectual than the generation preced- 
ing. Material progress will always accompany in- 
crease of mental power, but one generation does 
not necessarily have to be smarter than the preced- 
ing one in order to add something to its heritage. 
Step by step a science may advance immensely, but 
the advance does not prove that its last masters have 
more brains than its originators. We have risen 
step by step above the foundations laid by our pre- 
decessors, but the fact that we are further on does 
not in the least prove that we are, on the average, 
greater in faculties than they were. 

Men who stand at the head of modern intellec- 
tual life admit that the ancients can show the equals 
of any time. 

"It is an undoubted fact that the great men who 
appeared at the dawn of history and at the culmi- 
nating epochs of the various ancient civilizations, 
were not, on the whole, inferior to those of our own 
age." — Alfred Russell Wallace. 

"No greater men are now than ever were. A 
singular equality may be observed between the great 
men of the first and of the last ages ; nor can all the 
science, art, religion, and philosophy of the nine- 
teenth century avail to educate greater men than 
Plutarch's heroes, three or four and twenty cen- 
turies ago. Not in time is the race progressive ; the 
arts and inventions of each period are only its cos- 



ioo THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

tumes and do not invigorate men." — Ralph Waldo 
Emerson. 

The general dissemination of knowledge or the 
means of acquiring it does not so much as indicate 
a general increase of mental capacity; nor will 
mere learning produce greater intellectual force. In- 
dia and China have had schools and a school system 
for more than a thousand years, and books are as 
cheap in Bombay and Hong Kong as in New York. 
But they have not secured liberty or justice, nor 
produced genius. The power to initiate and the 
quality to carry out come from within. A general 
increase of mental power must come about by race 
improvement from the biological source. 

The science of electricity has advanced immeas- 
urably since the time of Franklin and Galvani, but 
they showed the power of the initiative and with the 
same advantages placed before them that exist to- 
day, doubtless Franklin, Faraday, Galvani, Morse, 
and the rest of tamers of that unsolved riddle of 
the elements would be the equals of Edison, Mar- 
coni, Tesla, Bell, and Rhqfgen of the modern 
school. The science of mat hematics has a power, 
and sweep, we think, ahead of anything in the 
past, but this does not prove that our modern mathe- 
maticians have a greater faculty of numbers than 
Euclid, Archimedes, and Plato. And SO it is with 
everything which goes to make what we term our 
civilization. 

Every year travelers return from remote parts 
of the earth- with new tales of buried cities, ruined 
temples, and inscribed stones which tell oi builders 
who came and went like bubbles oi humanity on the 
storm-beaten sea o\ life, and left their meagre foot- 









THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 101 

prints on the shifting sands of time. Every quarter 
of the globe furnishes unmistakable evidence of 
man's remarkable antiquity, and the mysterious rise 
and fall of civilizations. The modern world, with 
its wealth of ingenuity and exalted attainment, 
pauses before every successive step to take example 
from the remote past which developed the highest 
intellectual faculties, builded magnificent cities, es- 
tablished museums of arts, set examples of human 
ambition and aggrandizement, produced surprising 
results in engineering, created sciences, and gave 
form to government and law. 

INSTANCES. 

An expedition sent out under the auspices of the 
University of Pennsylvania carried on explorations 
for years in the Mesopotamian desert, and exhumed 
the ruins of the city of Nippur. 

In this ancient metropolis were found, accord- 
ing to the ablest modern archaeologists, unmistak- 
able evidence of a civilization rivaling, in many re- 
spects, our own, and which must have flourished at 
least seven thousand years ago. They had a com- 
mercial system; a patronage of art and letters; a 
far-seeing appreciation of the good opinion of pos- 
terity ; had libraries, in which were dictionaries, his- 
tories, etc. ; public museums in which were paint- 
ings, sculpture, specimens ; they used machinery for 
making their wares; did exquisite enameling; their 
architecture included palaces covering the extent of 
a city block, with drainage system; their scientists 
studied astronomy and speculated on the movements 
of the stars ; in short, a city laid out and operated 



102 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

on an elaborate scale at a time when man hereto- 
fore was supposed to be little above the beasts of 
the field. But, more wonderful still becomes the 
story of this city when the belief is forced upon us 
that it must have been the result of thousands of 
years of human development. Mr. Chas. Boscarven, 
the noted assyriologist, says: "Ancient as the in- 
scriptions found in the lowest strata of the great 
Chaldean sacred city of Nippur are, they are not 
the records of a nation just emerging from savage 
life, but of rich, powerful, cultivated, civic king- 
doms. Thus indicating centuries of previous 
growth and development." 

Some thirty miles from the present city of Ba- 
tavia, in Java, are the ruins of a once great metrop- 
olis. "Among others are ruins of a palace which 
exceeded in grandeur that of any in existence to- 
day, and exhibits an architectural beauty which is 
not surpassed by the most accomplished designers 
and builders of the present period." 

About fifteen miles from Palanque, Guatemala. 
are the ruins of the city of Otolum. They were 
surveyed by Captain Del Rio, in 1787. His account 
describes the "ruins of a stone city seventy-five 
miles in circumference; full of palaces, monu- 
ments, statues, and inscriptions ; approximately 
equal to Thebes, of Egypt." 

The city of Copan, in Honduras, brought to 
light by a band working under the direction, of the 
Peabody Museum, of Harvard College, tells the 
dream of civilization old when European man 
dwelt in caves and fought with hows and arrows. 
Here, on the banks of the Copan River, lived and 
ruled the nobles of an ancient kingdom. Their 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 103 

houses of stone, paved streets, and canals for sewer- 
age, show that the inhabitants of Copan were ad- 
vanced in the art of city building. 

The temple of Stonehenge, in Scotland, was built 
before recorded time. Its origin is a mystery. The 
structure is in the midst of a chalk plain, and there 
are no stones like those of which it is made nearer 
than Ireland. They weigh about eleven tons each. 
There are four rows in circles, rough, uncut col- 
umns, each circle within the other. Two uprights, 
standing about twenty- five feet high, are bound 
together by a third resting across them on the top, 
and so on all the way round. How were those 
vast blocks raised and placed upon the upright 
supports. They prove the existence of a knowl- 
edge of mechanical science of a peculiar order 
that does not exist to-day. Here, too, is a tall 
stone over which one day in the year — the longest — 
the first rays of the rising sun come directly over 
the strike on another stone lying down with the 
letter A — for altar — engraved on it. This, strange 
to say, is almost an exact counterpart of the means 
employed in Egypt to establish a correct calendar. 
Our year, as we record it, is of Egyptian origin. 
The great temples on the Nile were built with long 
entrance of columns leading from the river to the 
interior shrine — sometimes lined with sphinxes or 
huge granite figures. The mouth was turned to- 
ward a certain part of the heavens, where the light 
of the setting sun could enter only once a year. The 
Egyptian astronomers would watch the inner shrine 
for the opening of the new year. When the red 
light flashed through the tunnel and struck the 
shrine the philosopher would know that another 



104 THE .MARCH OF INTELLECT 

year had begun. The Egyptian sun-year was 
adopted in Rome, where it became disordered by 
the ignorance of the priests, and at last Julius 
Caesar corrected the calendar which we yet use, and 
to his friend, the Egyptian Sosigenes. we owe our 
division of time. 

Time leaves his enigmas as sports for human 
knowledge; and no district of the globe is richer 
in these spoils than ancient Phoenicia. Some of 
the grandest relics of this great nation's vanished 
glory are the ruins of Baalbec ; — a city whose his- 
tory is lost in antiquity ; its very existence unknown 
for centuries. Of its sun temple it has been said 
"That in no country is to be found so superb a 
monument of the inimitable perfection of ancient 
architecture." And "That its stones are the largest 
that have ever been moved by human power. And 
how they were conveyed to their places and so 
closely fitted is an unsolved mystery. It is not too 
much to say that the task would be impractical with 
modern engineers." 

The Assyrian empire went out of existence more 
than a thousand years before the Christian era, 
and as many years of its history is absolutely un- 
known. There was nothing known concerning it. 
so far as is recorded, for a thousand years after it 
ceased to exist. 

Babylon, "many times greater and more m; 
nificent than the largest of modern cities." one of 
the capital wonders i^i all time, the apostle of greed 
and the victim of plunder, left scarce a ve« 
her ponderous pile as the tomb oi her glory, for 
pilgrim scholars to study and learn. 



CHAPTER II 
LOST ARTS 



CHAPTER II. 
LOST ARTS. 

History and archaeology prove nothing more ab- 
solutely than that civilizations rise and fall, and 
that arts and sciences flourish and fade. They are 
the weather vanes of progress, the landmarks of 
intellect. A lost art represents a lost idea; a for- 
gotten science means an eclipse of mind; a per- 
ished civilization speaks of a shifting of the cur- 
rents of life. 

Wendell Phillips once delivered a lecture on 
"The Lost Arts," and said it was a medicine for 
the most objectional feature of our national char- 
acter — conceit. It is not my purpose to try to 
doctor conceit, but simply to present what I con- 
sider to be a few facts which I have gathered for 
this work. Rather would I consider the discovery 
of these Lost Arts just cause for encouragement; 
showing man's possibilities; leading us to the 
thought that "what has been can be," and that what 
is desired and willed with sufficient devotion will 
be accomplished. These fashioned ideas of the 
past are the surviving phenomena of human activ- 
ity, and indicate the course of human endeavor. 
They are the timekeepers of progress. They record 
107 



io8 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

the world's advancement, stimulate investigation, 
and quicken interest in the dim twilight of history's 
morning. 

ALCHEMY— CHEMISTRY. 

The desire for power has been the moving force 
behind every advance of mankind. For power over 
nature, for power among men, for power to sur- 
mount obstacles. The coveted power of gold 
prompted the ancients to try to transmute base 
metals into gold. Thus evolved the theory of 
alchemy, from which chemistry was developed. 
Metallurgy is the triumph of chemistry, and, per- 
haps, the greatest material basis of modern civili- 
zation. The chemistry of the most ancient period, 
in many respects, surpassed anything which mod- 
erns have as yet approached. 

Steel is an invention of the nineteenth century, 
but steel instruments were in use during the reign 
of the Shepard Kings of Egypt six thousand years 
ago. Iron is mentioned as being known before the 
deluge. An old sickle blade, found near Thebes, 
is four thousand years old. Razors are mentioned 
by Homer. It is said that iron was discovered by 
the burning of Mount Ida, about the year fourtcen- 
six B. C. It is probable that it was used for vari- 
ous instruments not long after this period. Among 
the Romans, two or three hundred years be 
Christ, iron was used for chains, looks, axes. 1 
spades, and other tools. The London Med 
Surgical Journal advised surgeons not to carr\ 
lancets to Calcutta, to have them gilded, because 
English steel could not bear the atmosphere of 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 109 

India. Yet the blades made in Damascus and used 
by the Saracens to fight the Crusaders were not 
gilded, "and they are as perfect as they were eight 
centuries ago." Saladin's sword would cut down 
in twain as it floated in the air. George Thomson 
says he saw a man in Calcutta throw a hand full of 
floss silk into the air, and a Hindu sever it with his 
sabre. 

GLASS. 

Our greatest glass artists are said to be behind 
the ancients. Not only did the Egyptians stain 
glass in a manner impossible to-day, but they welded 
it in the manufacture of regal garments, and made 
it as lissom as Punjaub silk. Nearly two thousand 
years ago Vesuvius covered Pompeii. In exhum- 
ing its ruins they found ground glass, window 
glass, cut glass, and colored glass of every variety. 

Miscroscopes and telescopes are made only from 
glass. Galileo invented the telescope in the seven- 
teenth century, but one of the most ancient sculp- 
tures of Central America represents a man on an 
observatory looking through a telescope. Baby- 
lonia, Egypt, Greece, India, and China all possessed 
a knowledge of the heavens before the Christian 
era, and they in turn are supposed to have learned 
of the stars from the Phoenicians. 

Jasen invented the compound miscroscope in the 
year 1590, but it was only the rediscovery of an 
art known at least as far back as when Nineveh 
flourished. Engravings were found there too fine 
for the unaided eye. The engravings on the ring 
of Cheops — B. C. 500 — is invisible without the aid 



no THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

of glasses. Two thousand years ago Michael An- 
gelo wore a gem on which were engraved the fig- 
ures of seven women. The forms could not be dis- 
tinguished without the aid of a glass. In the Vati- 
can gems may be seen through glasses whose ex- 
quisite carvings defy imitation by any artificer of 
our time. So, instead of dating from our time, 
the microscope finds its brothers in the Penteteuch. 

THE OLD DYES. 

The art of mixing fadeless paints once known 
is lost. 

The royal color of antiquity was the Tyrian pur- 
pose ; — almost a red. The Egyptians painted im- 
mortal history with it upon the stucco of their 
walls. In their temples, palaces, and courts we 
trace their rites, customs and industries painted in 
undying colors. If we go down among the ruin? 
of the buried city of Pompeii and light up the 
rooms, this color flames upon you richer than any- 
thing we can produce, and as fresh as it was in the 
days of St. Paul. 

It is said that the walls of the Alhambra of Spain 
Still remain unaltered by the ravages of time, ex- 
cept in unimportant parts, and the colors of the 
paintings appear to have retained their bright: 

The Tyreans produced such gossamer linens of 
purple a not equal In 

Cashmere girls make shawls with three hundred 
colors — which we cannot make or distinguish — and 
sell them for three times ten thousand dollars. In 
of his lectures to his students that eminent art 
critic. John Ruskin, opened his Catholic mass book 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT in 

and said : "Gentlemen, we are the best chemists in 
the world. No Englishman ever could doubt that. 
But we cannot make such a scarlet as that, and 
even if we could it would not last twenty years. 
Yet, this is five hundred years old." Writings on 
velum, dating back ten and twelve centuries, are as 
newly black to-day as when the scribe put the scroll 
away. The dyes of to-day, besides not being as 
beautiful as those of bygone ages, do not preserve 
the material as well. The best English silk, made 
by the best methods known to us, will have turned 
to dust long before a genuine old Indian silk has 
begun to fade. The ancient Hindus had a secret 
treatment which fortified their clothes against 
moths and insects which prey upon fabrics. To-day 
no plutocrat can. buy a gown for his spouse whose 
color can vie with the purple and fine linen of the 
Tyreans three thousand years ago; nor paint his 
palace with as immortal colors as flashed from the 
stuccoed walls and ceilings of the temples of the 
Nile when Israel dwelt in Goshen. 

IMPERISHABLE INVENTIONS. 

The art of rendering timber, certain paints, and 
cements durable, and of making porcelain mosaics, 
arabesques, and other ornaments, began and ended 
in Western Europe with the Moorish conquerors of 
Spain. The walls, beams, and woodwork of the 
ceiling of the Alhambra present no signs of de- 
cay. The British war office decided that the Moor- 
ish fortifications at Gibraltar, dating back over 
seventeen hundred years, were too antiquated for 
to-day. The sappers and miners found that the 



ii2 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

rock itself did not splinter before their axes; and 
when they attacked the black mortar which bound 
the stones together it splintered their picks. Dyna- 
mite was used; but portions of the mortar were 
dispatched to the government surveyor in England 
to be analyzed. They could not find out of what 
it was composed. The method of the manufacture 
of the cement used in the building of the Colosseum 
at Rome, and the paving of the courts and porches 
of Rome and Athens, dodged our cleverest chem- 
ists until to-day. Poor imitations are being made 
by a method discovered by an accident. 

The best pottery of to-day cannot be compared, 
either in durability or beauty, to that of eighteen 
hundred years ago and earlier. The Egyptians and 
Greeks knew how to glaze their earthenware in a 
manner lost to us. 

There is no living embalmer who could so pre- 
serve a corpse that it would last for over four 
thousand years. Yet the ancient Egyptians did this, 
as we have the mummies in our museums to-day. 
This is one art, however, that it would be well not 
to rediscover, as it could answer no laudable pur- 
pose and would lead to an increasing inconvenience 
to succeeding generations. 

MECHANICAL MARVELS AND ENGI- 
NEERING FEATS. 

Corinth stood on an isthmus washed by two 
seas. Her wharves were marvels oi ingenuity. In 
their construction whole kingdoms had been ab- 
sorbed. Huge handed machinery, such as modern 
invention cannot equal, lifted ships from the 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 113 

on one side and transported them on trucks across 
the isthmus and set them down in the sea on the 
other side. 

Archimedes is accredited with having conceived 
the application of some of the principles of physics 
two hundred and fifty years before Christ; but the 
Egyptians were familiar with all the mechanical 
powers two thousand years before Archimedes 
lived. Their knowledge of mathematics must have 
been very extensive. It took exact calculations of 
an intricate character to plan and execute the build- 
ing of the pyramids. Drawings of strange-look- 
ing engines lifting huge blocks of stone have been 
found in Egypt. Whether their motive power was 
hydraulic, steam, or electric is unknown. It would 
have been impossible for them to have transported 
the huge stones they used in the building of the 
pyramids and obelisks without the use of machin- 
ery. There is an obelisk in Rome which was quar- 
ried and carried one hundred and fifty miles by the 
Egyptians, and the Romans brought it seven hun- 
dred and fifty miles. There is no record of how 
these feats were performed. 

On the banks of the mystic Nile are strewn the 
ruins of cities, pyramids, palaces, temples, tombs, 
obelisks; where civilizations have swept by like 
waves passing the "gateway of tears," and left 
mementos of the great human deep on the serf- 
washed shore of seonic time. Here magnificent 
fragments of art, monuments of human craft and 
ambition, prodigies of architecture and monstroci- 
ties of masonic skill — relics of history's varied anti- 
theses — lie in solemn ruin in three thousand years 
of gathering sands. De Toquesville says there was 



ii 4 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

no social question that was not discussed to rags 
in Egypt. 

The Isthmian Canal, connecting the Red Sea 
with the Mediterranean during the reign of the 
Pharios, was dug at right angles, to keep it from 
filling up, as does the straight one dug by the 
French as engineered by De Lesseps. 

PRINTING. 

Gutenberg invented the art of printing in 1440, 
but there is a paper in China, it is said, that has 
been issued regularly for two thousand years. 
Seventeen of its editors have been beheaded. 

WEAVING. 

The first spinning machine was introduced in 
Europe about 1420. But spinning and weaving 
were known when Europe was a wilderness. The 
inhabitants of India had the art of calico printing 
and weaving of woolens and linens in very early 
times. The ladies of Rome paid great attention 
to these arts. Silk was manufactured in Persia 
several hundred years before Christ, and afterward 
in Tyre and Constantinople. Wendell Phillips 
gives this anecdote: "Once a Hindu princess came 
into court, and her father, seeing her. said, 
home, you are not decently covered — go home;' 
and she said, 'Father, I have seven suits on;' but 
the suits were of muslin, so thin that the king could 
see through them. A Roman pO< "The 

girl was in the poetic dress ni the country." 



CHAPTER III 
MISCELLANY 



CHAPTER III. 

MISCELLANY. 

Natural gas was used in China four thousand 
years ago. The ruins of cities are found in Central 
Africa. There is quite a lot of evidence to prove 
that there was once a continent called Atlantis, 
which sank in a great cataclysm, carrying down 
with it millions of human beings. Greek fire is 
said by some to have been more destructive than 
dynamite. Phillips says that Solomon's temple 
had lightning-rods. Our jokes, puns, bulls, stories, 
and games are nearly all Asiatic. What cannot be 
traced to the shores of the Mediterranean goes 
farther East. 

"Many astronomical inscriptions have been found 
in the ruins of Nineveh. In the public library of 
that city there was a series of volumes called the 
observations of Bel. One book treated of the 
polar star, another of Venus, and a third of Mars. 
The earliest of these records are thought to date 
as far back as 2540 B. C." 

Thales, of Greece, taught 500 years B. C. that 
the world is round, and that the moon receives its 
light from the sun. He determined when the 
equinoxes and solstices occur, and also predicted an 
eclipse of the sun. 

117 



n8 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

Philosophy is no brainier now than when taught 
in the academic groves of Athens. We still go 
back to the "Old Masters" for art. Our temples 
do not outshine those of Jerusalem, Ephesus, or 
Rome. 

In purely literary achievements the noblest works 
of modern authors do not excel the ancient. Why, 
the book of Job is so old that it is lost in the mist 
of antiquity, it antedates the Chinese Empire, and 
yet "I call it," says Thomas Carlyle, the "Literary 
Columbus," "one of the greatest things ever writ- 
ten. There is nothing in the Bible, or out of it, 
of equal literary merit." "The whole book of Job," 
says Pope, "with regard both to sublimity of 
thought and morality, excels, beyond all compari- 
son, the most noble parts of Homer." Who to-day 
is writing anything equal to the "Vedas of India"? 
Max Muller says that the oldest book in the world 
is the "Rig Veda," which was in existence, com- 
plete as we have it now, one thousand five hundred 
years before Christ. 

Have we orators superior to Demosthenes? 
Sculptors the equal of Phidias? Painters who sur- 
pass the Old Masters who mixed their oils when 
canvas was woven by hand and before cotton was 
known in the marts? 

No military commander has eclipsed Hannibal, 
Alexander, or Caesar. 

Speaking of the Greek, John Ruskin says: "All 
our great arts, and nearly all our great thoughts, 
have been borrowed from them. Take away from 
us what they have given us and I hardly can im- 
agine how low the modern European would stand." 
Mr. Francis Galton, in his "Hereditary Genius" 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 119 

— P. 342 — is of opinion "That the average ability 
of the Athenian race was, on the lowest possible 
estimate, very nearly two grades higher than our 
own — that is, about as much as our race is above 
that of the African negro." Most all who have 
written on the social condition of Athens seem to 
agree with him. "There is, therefore," says the 
eminent naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace, D. C. 
L., "some reason to think that the intellectual high- 
water level of humanity has sunk rather than risen 
during the last two thousand years." 

One of the chief advantages of modern civiliza- 
tion over that of the ancients is the more general 
dissemination of education. Knowledge, discipline, 
and culture were possessed in high degree by the 
elect few even in the days of Babylon. Skilled 
artisans there were who built palaces for royalty, 
rivaling those of the Thames and the Seine, swing- 
ing gardens to please the whim of a queen, parks 
and courts whose beauty and grandeur would com- 
pare with their counterparts on modern Europe 
or America. The king had his counsellors who 
were called "Wise Men," "Soothsayers," "Astrolo- 
gers," "Chaldeans," etc. These men often pos- 
sessed extraordinary talents in particular lines, but 
they were far from being public preceptors. Ac- 
cording to Pliny, about the year of the world two 
thousand nine hundred, Zoroaster founded the Magi 
sect whose great reputation brought students from 
distant countries to be instructed by them in philos- 
ophy, religion, mysteries, and secret crafts of their 
exclusive order. And we are assured that it was 
from them that Pythagoras borrowed the principles 
of that doctrine by which he acquired so much 



120 THE .MARCH OF INTELLECT 

respect and veneration among the Greeks ; Themis- 
tocles, too, drank at the same fountain, being ad- 
mitted through the favors of an Assyrian King into 
the educational sanctum of the seclusive Magi. As 
we are great borrowers of Greece it may be that 
we are indirectly indebted to the ancient Baby- 
lonians, the influence of whose literature is seen 
in the Talmud. 

Notwithstanding all that is now being done to- 
ward universal education, this tendency to hide 
knowledge with jealous care, covetous of its power, 
and of the fascination that adheres to the mys- 
terious, is quite in evidence to-day in the com- 
mercial world, in the priestcraft of Romanism, in 
the medical fraternity, and in many secret societies. 
Knowledge is power and is supposed to give pe- 
culiar privileges to those who possess it. Educa- 
tion is the drawing out of the mind, and is the re- 
sult of such a process as will enable the individual 
to realize his highest possibilities. The ignorance 
of the masses is the opportunity of the crafty few, 
and only by the democratization of knowledge can 
liberty and justice be maintained. Learning is no 
longer hid and guarded as the miser hovers over his 
gold, but has joined hands with the people and is 
the handmaid of progress. But, as we have mis 
of wealth, we also have misers of knowledge. 

Knowledge that is required of the masses in one 
age is obsolete in another. The information that 
is essential to good citizenship to-day was nones- 
sential, and to a great extent impossible, a century 
or two ago. Popular government cannot endure 
without popular information on those questions 
which relate to civics and the social status. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 121 

The education of the future will be more in the 
line of causalty than in the line of phenomena; 
more living philosophy and less classics of the dead ; 
more biology and less creedology; more civics and 
less political sophistry based on the prerogatives 
of wealth. 



CHAPTER IV 
EVERY DAY IS SCHOOL-DAY 






CHAPTER IV. 

EVERY DAY IS SCHOOL-DAY WHETHER WE WILL IT 
OR NOT. 

The lesson learned depends upon the relation- 
ship that exists between the learner and his lesson. 
Every experience teaches according to the suscepti- 
bility of the student. And it is the same with na- 
tions as with individuals. 

The story of life is a story of cells. The biolo- 
gist is, in a way, a psychologist, an economist, a 
sociologist, and a casuistric philosopher. Our 
bodies are but aggregates of cells doing the work 
of our organisms. In the cell is wrapt the mys- 
tery of heredity, and the relative power of environ- 
ment. Each cell in a complex organism carries on 
two kinds of functions: (i) The individual life 
function, and (2) the social function. The func- 
tion of the individual man as a unit in society is 
analogous to that of the cell in the organism. A 
cell, or set of cells, that develop abnormally, become 
tyrants or parasites and grow at the expense of 
other cells, become a nuisance to the organism. 
The same is true of men as individual units in the 
social organism. When a man, or set of men, be- 
come absorbants altogether, feed upon the sub- 
stance of others, rendering no equivalent for what 
they get from society, they, too, are a nuisance; 

125 



126 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

at best a diseased splotch, at worst the beginning 
of the end of the organism. 

The economic condition of a people moulds their 
character is a great measure, giving color to their 
literature, philosophy, and religion. But man's ab- 
stract ideals and wills are factors in all human 
problems. There are various kinds of hunger. We 
crave food, raiment, knowledge, approbation, jus- 
tice, righteousness, and on indefinitely; and they 
all have their office in social evolution. Many of 
the leaders in various reform and revolutionary 
movements in the past knew full well that they 
would be economic losers by the triumph of the 
cause they espoused. We all do things against mere 
economic interests in answer to that higher call of 
Utopianism inherent in every normal man, woman, 
and child. "Economic determinism" did not pro- 
duce present-day capitalism. Our capitalism is a 
result of a composite of ideals working through 
the mass of the people. It could never have de- 
veloped among the ignorant, indolent natives of 
Africa. It is the offspring of inventive genius, 
push, ambition, pride, culture, taste. But this com- 
posite of ideals has resulted in a composite of con- 
ditions that must perforce determine the trend of 
the future. If the ruling intelligence he that of 
wisdom the forces of civilization will be turned to 
account for the glory of the coining generations; 
but if the parasitic desire holds ascendency with 
the ruling forces oi our social organism, then the 
reaction will take the form of a great cataclysm, 
such as have wrecked the civilizations oi the past, 
and the primitive struggle of the race will have 
to begin anew. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 127 

Liberty is the power to exercise the rights en- 
joyed by the ruling class. Life in the aggregate 
is governed by the same laws as life in the individ- 
ual unit. Happiness hinges on the little opportune 
happenings and attachments of the heart-world. 
The smile and the tear is each the other's best 
friend. 

The loneliest soul that e'er walked this sad earth 
Hath had its sweet visions of bliss. 

The world, with its load of suffering, misfortune, 
crime, and ignorance, rolls on as generation after 
generation is pushed by the death angel into the 
tomb, to give room for those coming on. 

We divide history into periods and fill ponderous 
tombs with the accounts of the habits, customs, and 
development of barbarous nations. Yet, the his- 
tory of primitive races is repeated around us in 
fragmentary shape day after day, and we see it 
not. Nature has no fixed boundaries between her 
ages of development. There never was a time 
when men of thought did not spring up among the 
primitive millions. Barbaric instincts are con- 
stantly recurring to perplex and shock the sensibili- 
ties of the ultrarefined, and primitive specimens 
of humanity float like waifs on the surface of our 
civilization till borne beneath the current, or 
wrecked on its shores. All grades of intellectual 
development that have ever existed exist to-day 
somewhere on the face of the earth. Each stratum 
that marks the evolution of man from prehistoric 
state to the present, has its specimens in the living 
present. The Fuegian and the brightest intellects 



128 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

of the Caucasian race in Europe and America 
breathe the same air and view the same sun to-day. 
From the wild jungles of Africa to the university 
halls of modern learning we shift the kaleidoscopic 
view and are astounded that man can be so God- 
like or so brutelike. In London we find the highest 
order of refinement and culture represented by giant 
brains whose scope of action is the world and cen- 
tury lasting; and side by side — in the "East End" 
district — those who represent a civilization as low 
as that which existed before Pharaoh dreamed. 
The stars of the elect society, who possess the grace 
of fascination and the intellectual polish that mark 
the highest accomplishments of human refinement, 
are contemporaneous, and coetaneous with the 
lowest life of the lowest dens of the darkest cor- 
ners of our land. 

Governments, civilizations, institutions, systems, 
races, and powers have arisen, flourished, wavered 
before the storms of time, and fallen — to give place 
to others which repeated the endless round of his- 
tory. The continents are alike the cradles and the 
tombs of many a proud advance of the human race 
as it led the march of mind. 

The underlying world of mind is the source of 
all that distinguishes man. Its mines yield the 
treasures that give to matter its meaning, use. and 
worth. Ideas and ideals rule the world. The ideal 
is the haven to be reached by the flashing of electric 
bolts of thought. How oft does thought, touched 
with the fire of genius, electrify the world and ex- 
tend the dominion of man! From the psychic 
throne go forth and rule every department of man's 
encyclopedia!! empire. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 129 

"As the mind opens, and its functions spread." 
We witness its force grapling with the elements of 
nature, the problems of life, and the lessons of the 
stars. Knowledge of the power of an idea is the 
most encouraging cheer that greets us on the way. 

" Sometimes we behold its might embodied in 
conquering expeditions, again in political revolu- 
tions, again in moral reformations, again in social 
transformations. It is seen in sculpture, it is heard 
in eloquence, it is witnessed in architecture, it is 
incarnated in legislation, it is enthroned in state- 
craft. The sea has felt, the sun owns, and the 
winds acknowledge it. It has riven rocks and ran- 
sacked forests, and tunneled mountains, and bridged 
gulfs. It has beaten back the ocean, raced with 
time, wrestled with gravitation, chained the light- 
ning to its throne, and equipped it for missions of 
mercy, wisdom, light, and wealth." 

Columbus had an idea that the world was round, 
and, spreading his wings of canvas above his small 
barque, he led the Old World to the New. See 
James Watt as he "catches" the idea of steam 
as a motive power while watching the simmering 
kettle. Pass from Watt to Stevenson and Fulton 
who taught the new force to drive the piston, and 
on down the line of busy thinkers until the earth is 
girdled by land and set with power-plants of steam, 
turning the countless wheels of industry and carry- 
ing the commerce of every clime over lands and 
oceans. Morse is "struck" by an idea, and the tele- 
graph encircles the planet. Edison evolves an idea, 
and "fire is brought down from heaven in the sight 
of men," and night is as day in every city. Bell 
gets an idea from the human ear, and the telephone 






130 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

takes our very words across continents. Marconi 
thinks, and two thousand miles of ether convey our 
signals. Taught by history and science and urged 
by environment, and backed by an enthused patriot- 
ism and a sense of justice, Jefferson penned the 
Declaration of Independence and a Nation leaped 
forth — a dream of humanity. Ideas are corela- 
tive. Many teachers make a school, and many ef- 
forts make a movement. 



CHAPTER V 



CHAPTER V. 

Ideas mould nations no less than individuals, 
and through them transform nature. The idea that 
gives you power to shape affairs in turn shapes you. 
Each nation and civilization has its dominant idea. 

"The idea of chivalry shone out the sole star in 
the black night of feudalism and vandalism. The 
developing idea of manhood has lifted whole tribes 
out of brute degradation. The idea of nationality 
has given the Jews a history forever without a par- 
allel. The idea of liberty wrested Magna Charta 
from England's tyrant rulers, wrested America from 
England's dominant rule, and gave birth and being 
to our great, free land, toward which to-day all 
men oppressed and burdened look with hope. The 
idea of personal rights has struck the shackles of 
slavery from millions once in bondage, and cleared 
the staining curse off the face of civilization. The 
idea of patriotism has perpetuated the boundaries 
of nations, stained many a battlefield with precious 
blood, and held the invader and oppressor at bay. 
Humanity's heart forever beats with the patriot 
Greeks who made Thermopylae's Pass their grave 
and a world's example. The idea of obedience to 
law and government has been as the Holland dykes, 
to check the inflow and overflow of society by the 
seas of crime. The idea of equality, nursed by 

133 






134 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

oppression and hunger, soaked the fields of fair 
France with her best blood. The idea of individual 
conscience and responsibility has built itself into 
the virtue and integrity of the highest types of 
humanity. The idea of duty has been sealed with 
the life-blood of heroes on every page of history — 
on the silent, unwritten pages of humble life his- 
tory, as well as those blazoned with noble names 
and great deeds. 

"A nation without a ruling idea is a nation with- 
out prominence, permanence, or power. Find out 
what the ruling idea is in any nation, and you can 
read that nation's history and predict its destiny. 
When Sparta's idea was physical manhood, Sparta 
produced the most perfect physique the world has 
ever seen. When Athen's idea was philosophy, she 
produced the first philosophers of the globe, 
to Greece, with her Apollo Belvedere, her Socr; 
Plato, and Aristotle, men have ever turned back 
in their study of philosophy and art. When Rome's 
idea was empire, Rome's sway was spreading over 
the world. When Rome's idea fell from rule to 
lust, her people fell to ruin and the strong arm of 
her power was palsied. When France's idea was 
glory, glory sat with the eagles on her banners 
and shone upon her lilies ; but when the idea fell 
from glory to glitter, tarnish came on the gilded 
eagles, and her banners drooped for a century. 
England's idea of comingled conquest and com- 
merce has made her mistress of the seas, ruler. 
from her little isle of great territories and varied 
populations, and the banking house and workshop 
of the world." 

Nations that have found a fruitful source of 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 135 

revenue in their foreign possessions and learned to 
lean upon it, neglecting to develop the physical basis 
of natural prosperity at home, have become para- 
sites and fallen into decay. Dominated by the idea 
of conquest and plunder, Spain's dominion spread 
over the greater part of the Western hemisphere, 
with considerable hold in the East; but squander- 
ing tyranny learned nothing from history, and, act- 
ing on the principle of "after me the deluge," al- 
lowed the trend of humanity toward Republicanism 
and universal enlightenment to lead the race beyond 
her while she stood stolidly by her mediaeval ways, 
until the former owner of half the world sits amid 
the ruins of her vanished grandeur, "The Niobe 
of nations; childless and crownless in her voiceless 
woe :" — bribed to her ruin by the exploiter's hope. 

What the human race has so far failed to learn 
— under whatsoever form of civilization it has ever 
developed — is, how to keep the vantage grounds 
which it gains in its upward search and growth. 

The fatalist would say that these reversions are 
inevitable. They are inevitable only as the law 
of retrogression is substituted for the law of prog- 
ress in the economy of the social organism. Con- 
ditions are ever changing and forms must be 
changed to meet new conditions — though the law 
remains immutable. History furnishes no example 
of a nation that ever built up to any degree of im- 
portance and then went to pieces which did not al- 
low a privileged aristocracy to exploit a defenseless 
peasantry. Nor can an instance be shown where 
such exploitation was not tolerated that the people 
were not progressive, patriotic, and prosperous. 
A state built upon partial ideas, be they ever so 



136 THE .MARCH OF INTELLECT 

true, but which ignores universal justice, or man's 
physical, intellectual, and ethical requirements, as 
it passes into the condition of fruitage, must de- 
scend to utter ruin and decay, leaving a land of 
antiquity where the polen of the human plant 
wafted thither by wind and stream takes hold and 
begins life over again in another way. 

What is the dominant idea of our Republic ? 
There is but one answer — Financial Dominion. 
Liberty, Enlightenment, and Internal Development 
have made it the shining example of power and 
progress that it is, but commercialism has taken 
the lead and civilization is retreating before the 
march of the God of Mammon. We are working 
under a system that renders business success incom- 
patible with social ethics. In our game of compe- 
tition there is no place for sentiment, the golden 
rule, or equality of opportunity. To be just and 
generous among financial pirates protected by law 
means bankruptcy and failure. There is no essen- 
tial difference between the taking of a competi- 
tor's business by strenuous competition and the 
forcible abstraction of portable property from one 
man by another man stronger than himself. The 
brute force of money is on a parity with the brute 
force of muscle. But so long as we have private 
monopoly and competition — with the chances all on 
one side — the game will have to be played accord- 
ing to the rule — no quarter. Why does one own 
millions? That he may serve mankind? No, but 
that he may make mankind serve him. But we need 
not get wrathy at our "captains of industry"; their 
hearts are neither harder nor softer than the hearts 
of those whom they exploit. The evil does not be- 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 137 

gin with the act or actor, but with the system which 
encourages the evil-doing. Don't object to the re- 
sult so long as you sanction the cause. If one 
objects to being skinned, to be consistent, he must 
object to the rules of the money-changer's game. 

"Business," to-day, is the science of exploita- 
tion. Millionaires are the robber barons of modern 
commercialism. An income is the booty of civil- 
ized (?) piracy. Heads in the sands of com- 
mercial spoils cannot see these things; hearts of 
icy indifference cannot feel the force of love's eter- 
nal truth. A drone's income is a worker's loss. A 
parasite gives nothing for what it gets — so with 
money grabbers who gather lucre at the stock ex- 
change. In the seven years ending with the year 
1903 the financial freebooters of Wall Street got 
over two billions of dollars from the people for 
water alone. (See Success, February, '04.) Fif- 
teen times more than it cost to free the colonies 
from England, and the merry dance goes on. 

Competitive commercialism perpetually leadeth 
into temptation and delivereth not from evil. It 
is making drudges of the millions and parasites of 
the few. The severity of the struggle for existence 
among the masses is too great for the sustaining 
powers of the race. Life is sustained at the sacri- 
fice of manhood and independence, freedom, and 
intelligence. To say that each one has an equal 
chance to get ahead in the world in this wild 
scramble of business anarchy and that those who 
fail are simply incapable of success is about as sen- 
sible as it would be to contend that every one had 
an equal chance to escape from the Iroquois Thea- 
tre, and that all credit is due those who succeeded 



138 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

in making their escape, no matter how many they 
knocked down and trampled under foot in their 
frantic exit, and that the fact that many failed to 
escape is evidence of some essential defect in their 
character — demonstrating the law of the survival 
of the fittest (?). 

Our economic interdependence and social com- 
plexity is greater than at any previous stage of 
human development, and the industrial forces of 
society need systemization. The friction and waste 
incident to petty competition in individual enter- 
prises of a public nature gave rise to the company 
and corporation. The economy and power thus 
gained have developed that modern monster-tyrant 
known as the Trust. 

Trusts are monopolizing capital and labor is or- 
ganizing a trust on sen-ice. They are having local 
clashes every year. Capital cannot be utilized with- 
out labor, and labor is handicapped without capital. 
A compromise between them is merely an armistice. 
The process will go on until one or the other will 
be absolute master. Craft, money, and prestige are 
on one side, and numbers, necessity, and force on 
the other. The character of this last-named / 
will determine the issue. If sufficiently intelligent, 
labor will win — if not it will lose. 



PART THIRD 
LOVE 



PART THIRD 

LOVE. 

Let others have what e'er they wish, 

I ask one blessing rare, — 
Grant me but Love, and sir, with this 

I've others and to spare. 

When the world has discussed everything in creation, 
And mastered great Nature's immutable laws, 

The daughter and son will read with persistence 
The Master's story of love's pleading cause. 

A theme that can never wane in importance 
So long as the race on this planet shall dwell ; 

The home of the heart is the palace of Heaven, 
And when it is homeless the soul is in hell. 

Love is like a great ocean on which all may sail : 
Some reach the golden shore in safety after a bon 
voyage over its placid waters; others anchor in 
the haven after shipwrecks and storms that try the 
fibre of the soul; others are lost beneath the briny 
waves in the sargasso of tears. 

Love adds sacred and heroic attributes to char- 
acter, establishes courtship, institutes marriage, and 
gives permanence to society. Deep love moves 
great souls, shallow passions turn light minds. Love 
is a part of life, and he who misses it fails to re- 
141 



i 4 2 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

ceive the richest blessing of existence. It prepares 
youth for its duties and age for its comforts. Xo 
one ever forgets the visitation of its power to his 
heart and brain. At its best it "passeth understand- 
ing," and, "all other pleasures are not worth its 
pains." 

In the emphasis with which the heart prophesies 
the future while in the throes of love's awakening, 
and the profuse beauty with which it decks the 
nuptial bower and the spontaneous gifts of nature, 
intellect, art, and life are placed as trophies at the 
feet of love ; in all of this there is a nameless charm 
none can analyze, a supernal element that defies 
philosophy. It is not in its glory when it lulls and 
satisfies, but when it fires us with new endeavors 
and refers to some purer state of sensation and ex- 
istence than is known this side its elysian realm. 
Take love out of the world and all civilization 
would wither, society would crumble, and life no 
longer hold for us a living Paradise. 

Happiness is the supreme goal of man's desire. 
Above all things else it is the universal ideal. It 
has degrees and is gauged by faculties and tempera- 
ments. It springs from pursuing noble callings and 
achieving success in them. Man's destiny is fore- 
shadowed by his active desires. Every rational 
human being struggles and with upturned ej 
eyes searches for that mystic haven of happiness 
cherished in his hopes and dreams. 

Ask those with whom you meet if they are happy 
and how few will answer "Y< There is ever 

something desired that is not possessed, and this is 
thought to be the opposite o\ happiness. It may 
be health, it may be wealth, it may be knowledge, 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 143 

it may be fame, it may be affection, whatever it is, 
it is apt to absorb more interest than all that is pos- 
sessed. And this desire for something else is the 
germ of all progress. Man ever struggles to achieve 
immediate things, plus hope, but unless there is a 
deposit of probabilities to draw against, its drafts 
will not be honored by experience. Wisdom draws 
on hope with circumspection. Hope, showing man 
ever something higher and beyond, draws out latent 
power and makes us delight in effort. 

Hope is prone to cling to imagination's visions. 
Looking up at the star-spangled curtains of nature's 
artful dawn we would fain reach out and gather in 
its threads to weave for ourselves a robe of glory. 

But closer vision would reveal 
No more to rapture than we feel 
When looking at the dew. 
"If knowledge hold an image to the view, 
'Tis nature pictured too severely true." 

"Everything is beautiful," says Emerson, "seen 
from the point of the intellect, or as truth. But all 
is sour if seen as experience. Details are always 
melancholy; the plan is seemly and noble. It is 
strange how painful is the actual world — the pain- 
ful kingdom of time and place. There dwells 
care and canker and fear. With thought, with the 
ideal, is immortal hilarity, the rose of joy. Round 
it all the muses sing. But with names and persons 
and partial interests of to-day and yesterday is 
grief." 

"What is happiness?" I asked of one who had 
followed its beckoning hand patiently, hopefully, 



i 4 4 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

and uncomplainingly through the long stretch of 
his pilgrimage, while that vague charm drifted 
farther and farther from his reach as he followed. 

And he said : "I do not know what power gave 
us being or shall take it, nor what implanted the 
quenchless thirst for better things and the consum- 
ing desire for that beyond the present reach, but 
through all the troubled years man toils in this 
busy work-a-day world with longings never grati- 
fied. Though his lot be cast in pleasant places, 
along his pathway grow noxious weeds, the thistle 
and the thorn. In all his workings he follows the 
glimmerings of a far-off star: Happiness. There 
is no such thing in reality; it is only a beautiful 
dream pictured in the mind's ideal world to lure 
us on and give strength to fight life's battles and 
carry life's sorrows, until age numbers us with the 
old, and burdened with dead hopes, the tired head 
bows beneath the weight of time, and we pass be- 
yond the veil." 

"What is happiness?" I asked of a cynic, whose 
heart had been hardened by contact with the 
world's injustice and greed. 

And he said: "My life has been varied, and 
long, as men count years, and. in common with the 
rest of mankind, I have sought that vague thing 
called happiness. Like a mirage, the false vi 
iias led me. through life's fleeting years, across con- 
tinents and over seas; in lands of perpetual summer 
where flowers and tropical foliage, waving grass 
and clinging vines bloom forever, untouched by the 
crystal stars «>f frost, and in regions of perpetual 
snow, where cold, icy silence broods over the long 
night o\ winter and the stars sparkle serenely 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 145 

through the darkness in the blue dome of heaven. 
I have been a guest in the humble cottage nestled 
in the quiet valley at the foot of wooded hills, in 
the cabin and tent of the frontiersman on the un- 
broken plains and in the palaces of the rich and 
powerful in the world's great cities. I have talked 
with the dwellers there heart to heart, and I have 
found in every home and in every bosom the brood- 
ing shadow, the unrest and longing unanswered 
and dread phantom of a nameless fear. Through 
all the walks of life, in success and failure, gain 
what they may, the one thing sought for eludes the 
seekers." 

I talked with a daughter of opulence into whose 
lap the cornucopia of this world's goods had poured 
to o'erflowing. From her countenance beamed 
glorious intelligence, in her cheeks was the glow of 
health, in her form was the symmetry of physical 
perfection, on her white neck brilliant gems flashed 
their prismatic fires, her apparel gossamer fabrics 
tinted, scented, cut, and fashioned to bewilder and 
enchant, her every movement grace itself, royalty 
sought her favors that it might gain by mingling 
its imperial robes with genius. 

As I looked upon so much the world craves I 
thought : "Surely there is happiness personified." 
And I said : "Will you please tell me what is happi-. 
ness?" She turned upon me such deep, searching 
eyes as to drink my very soul, her searching look 
melted into a pensive smile and she said : "Ah, sir, 
and are you too seeking happiness? I have no 
misspent past to regret ; I've felt the want of noth- 
ing that health or wealth could supply; I have in- 
telligence, and by hard work have won fame; I 



146 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

have sought happiness with beauty, health, wealth, 

and talent, but " and pointing to her heart she 

gently shook her stately head. 

Finally I found one who felt that he had realized 
the cherished ideal. He was bright and cheery and 
his countenance a perennial fountain of joy. I 
asked the old question — "What is happiness?" 

"It is pleasant," he said, "to speak of it to one 
who really wants to know. Happiness is the ec- 
stasy the heart feels when touched by the m 
flame of responsive love. To have felt such deep 
and joyful love as I have known, and to have been 
beloved, to have stood at the threshold of that 
haven of man's dreams, where the world grows 
strangely radiant, and life's grim shadows vanish; 
to have passed through the heart to fair gardens 
where the sunlight falls on mossed fountains and 
the roses are kissed by the dew of love's morn: 
to have found that being whose heart met mine 
with full response and thrilled me with an ecstasy 
which lighted love's quenchless fire, ah. to have at- 
tained to such vision and rapture is to have laid 
hold of the eternal verities, is to have learned the 
true meaning of happiness and to have realized it 
here." 

Here, at last, was an apostle of happiness preach- 
ing from experience. And may it not be that he 
answered correctly, that the supremest bliss the 
human heart can feel springs from satisfied I 
Ay, we believe love satisfied is the acme of happi- 
ness. Love is satisfied when the one loved is the 
lover's animated ideal and its holy flame is fully 
reciprocated. True happiness, or the supernal bliss 
of the heart, is not found outside the pale of lo 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 147 

We may experience satisfaction, pleasure, joy, glad- 
ness, comfort, peace, enthusiasm, exultation, grati- 
fication, happiness — all these may be ours from love 
alone, permanently; if they spring from other 
sources they are transient. 

The philosophy of happiness: Happiness is not 
gayety. Sometimes the gayest are the saddest. 
Happiness is not ignorance. Ignorance is a vacuum, 
a nonentity, a blank, a nothing. The saying that 
"ignorance is bliss" is an ancient lie. The little 
baby that coos and crows as it rolls around on its 
pallet is not happy, it is simply pleasant; feeling no 
pain, it is enjoying itself to the extent that any 
little, new-born animal might be said to enjoy itself. 
Happiness implies capacity for enjoyment, felicity, 
joy, rapture, heart-swelling, glorious emotions. 
One incapable of trouble, sorrow, grief, and the 
like, is also incapable of happiness. Happiness is 
a condition of the intelligence, with all its con- 
comitants. Consciousless, inanimate life is inca- 
pable of happiness. As the scale of life ascends 
through the animate creation the capacity for hap- 
piness, and for doing that which may bring it, 
broadens, widens, deepens, and towers to grander 
proportions. 

People differ as much in their capacity to love 
as they do in their capacity to learn, but affection 
and perception do not always go hand in hand. 
Here, please note, we speak of those capable of 
ideal love. 

Happiness in a general sense is the enjoyment of 
lively sensations of pleasure. Sensation and senti- 
ment are transient; being the products of the senses 
they come and go as physical passions or emotions. 



148 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

Happiness, to be enduring, must have a more per- 
manent basis. Love furnishes it. Love is a pas- 
sion and more. It has a polarity the same as the 
planets and a magnetism as constant as gravita- 
tion. It is a triune entity. It is corporal, vital, 
and psychic; physical, mental, and spiritual; bio- 
logical, physiological, and metaphysical; sexual, so- 
cial, and platonic. 

When love touches the heart and opens up the 
divine arcana of the soul, when it declares itself 
to the one adored with anxious hope mingled with 
half-despairing fear, and 'tis found that she really 
loves in return — ah! he wanders forth, bewildered, 
lost, enthralled, unconscious of aught but the all- 
consuming, overflowing, pulsing delirium of ec- 
stasy that springs from the glorious conscious! 
within ! The stars of heaven are so many diamond 
gems sparkling in the crown of a universe of love, 
and the celestial respiration of the air of paradise 
fills and thrills every sensation of exuberant joy! 
It is the unspeakable, rapturously divine come here 
below to pass through the destiny of mortals and 
give a taste of the eternal and inexhaustible 1 
of heaven. 

Friend: Be ye young or old. if ye have not felt 
it thus — have not felt a love beyond the power of 
language to express, ye have not known the true 
warmth of a great, pure, soul's sacred flame of love. 
Then devotion is a pleasure and service a privilege: 
but in the first delirium of intoxication it is that 
the dull routine of domestic duties 1 1 most 

irksome. • The mind is thoroughly saturated with 
and absorbed in the sentiments of the heart and 
to the flushed lover it seems deplorable that 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 149 

should be hampered by such sordid requirements as 
the drudgery necessary to procure food and raiment 
for the physical body and the comforts and luxuries 
of our mental worlds. But if a young man or 
blooming maiden is not worth much in business 
for the time being, those who are considerate 
enough to understand the situation and be tolerant 
and sympathetic, give counsel and direct, will be 
gratefully remembered in after years by the cav- 
aliers of the heart. 

"Love," says Cowley, "is a great passion, and 
therefore I hope I have done with it." One of 
Europe's most celebrated characters once said that 
he would give all his success and fame for a few 
weeks of youth and love. He was evidently not 
glad he had done with it. Those who talk dispar- 
agingly of the tender passion have had some sad 
experience with it. Where everything goes well 
no one would banish it, but cling to it, as it mellows 
into wisdom, as the best friend in life. We are 
inclined to even agree with Tennyson's 

M, Tis better to have loved and lost, 
Than never to have loved at all." 

I would be glad to know that I could bask in 
its bright sunshine forever, its effulgence lighting 
up the land of Beulah, its glory filling the heart 
and soul with the joys of the holy grail : Give me 
health, hope, and love, and happiness is mine. To 
love and be loved spontaneously, full and free with- 
out reservation, to be thus blessed by the one who 
can inspire and draw out the best that is in you, 
for there to be no objection or lack of apprecia- 
tion on the part of either for the other, to be 



150 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

aglow with the symmetry of a perfect union and 
the fervor of a perfect affection — that is happiness. 

Love, we must admit, is not a child of the will. 
not a question of want to or don't want to; it 
cannot be made to order in spite of the law of 
affinity. Love is not a creature of chance or the 
vassal of despots; it arises not by con-taint, but 
by the law of response. We do not love or fail to 
love because 'tis thought we ought or ought not 
as convenience or domestic preference may dictate, 
but more because we must or must not as it spr 
from within. After the feelings are enlisted, love 
is not much a matter of volition. But judge 
should precede, that we may bring ourselves 
the presence of the lovable, that we may ge 
the current flows, and then, when our affinity 
comes, love will come, full and flagrant, sweet and 
fragrant, whether bidden or not. 

Woman's best friend is the man who loves her. 
and man's best friend is the woman who loves him. 
A young man starting out in life can trust to no 
influence so sure and so safe as that which e 
to him from the one of all the world of w: 
he is a part, and in wl irt he worthily fills 

the supreme place. 

We respect strength and admire wisdom, but we 
love the lover. He who has been filled with love's 
young dream knows what none can know who 
have never felt it. He views the fair vis 
the glorious haven of life's glittering strand where 
happiness builds a stairway to the sku i, he 

is Cupid's own, touched by the torch that Lights 
the incense of holy devotion. His thougl 

exalted, deep and pure, and his daily pilgrimage one 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 151 

merry voyage on a shimmering sea of perennial 
joy, whose bright waves touch a brighter shore be- 
neath the smile and kiss of heaven. 

There is (it is said) a sort of bitter-sweet sad- 
ness in the memory of one's first experience with 
the heart's budding passion. All tender emotions 
carry with them an element of sadness. Some ten- 
dency to melancholy seems indeed inherent in love, 
music, and art, and Jessica is not alone in the feel- 
ing— 

"I am never merry when I hear sweet music." 

What Plato says of music would apply equally 
well to love: "Music is a moral law. It gives a 
soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to 
the imagination, a charm to sadness, gayety and life 
to everything. It is the essence of order, and leads 
to all that is good, just, and beautiful, of which it 
is the invisible, but nevertheless dazzling, passion- 
ate, and eternal form." Poetry, music, and art 
draw their greatest inspirations from love. The 
glittering threads that shine in fiction's Cloth of 
Gold are those of love. The brightest gems that 
flash from the pages of history's ponderous tome, 
rich with the spoils of time, are those of love. There 
are times that one feels that poets should sing only 
of this one act in the drama of life — beautiful love. 

"Where there is love in the heart," says Beecher, 
"there are rainbows in the eyes, which cover every 
black cloud with gorgeous hues." "The greatest 
happiness of life," says Victor Hugo, "is the con- 
viction that we are loved for ourselves — say, rather, 
in spite of ourselves." 



152 THE .MARCH OF INTELLECT 
FOOTPRINTS OF LOVE. 

The swinging garden of Babylon was one of the 
seven wonders of the ancient world. It was the 
flower of Babylon, which was the gem of the earth 
in architectural wonders; so much so that "the 
greatest buildings of modern times are but evi- 
dences of her fall." This garden was built out into 
terraces supported on arches. There were pumps 
worked by mighty machinery fetching the water 
from the Euphrates to this hanging garden, so that 
there were fountains spouting into the sky. Upon 
this aerial Eden of art grew flowers, evergreen, 
shrub and trees — so that looking up at it from 
below it must have seemed as if the clouds were in 
blossom and the sky leaned on the bows of its 
Lebanon cedars. And all this King Nebuchadnezzar 
did to please his wife — because he loved her. 

The most magnificent tomb and unique temple in 
the world is the Taj Mahal, in Agra, Hindustan. 
It is the architectural crown of the whole earth. It 
was erected by Shah Jehab to the memory of his 
wife and queen. It is octagonal in form, of pure 
white marble, inlaid with jasper, cornelian, tur- 
quoise, agate, amethysts, sardonyx, chalcedony. 
sapphires, bloodstones and diamonds. The work 
took twenty thousand men twenty years to build it, 
and the cost was more than the entire expenditures 
on the Columbian World's Fair. It was being 
built while the American colonics were developing. 

"You have read Of the Moslem palace — 

The marvelous fane that stands 
On the banks of the distant Jumna, 

The wonder of all the lands: 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 153 

"You have read of its marble splendors, 

Its carvings of rare device, 
Its domes and its towers that glisten 

Like visions of paradise. 

"Why rear it?— The Shah had promised 

His beautiful Nourmahal 
To do it, because he loved her, 

He loved her — and that was all! 

"So minaret, wall and column, 

And tower and dome above, 
All tell of a sacred promise, 

All utter one accent — Love." 

The whole Jewish nation, while captive to the 
Babylonians, was put under ban of death by an ir- 
revocable decree. The beautiful Queen Esther in- 
terceded in their behalf, and King Ahasuerus, at 
her bequest, saved her people from slaughter by 
obtaining a neutralizing decree. He granted it — 
because he loved her. 

Sometimes disappointed love, be the disappoint- 
ment from whatever cause it may — from slight, 
death, insurmountable obstacles, or what not — is 
transmuted into a new purpose, a nobler ambition, 
a broader hope, or a love for liberty and humanity 
giving will to dare and strength to do. 

Simon Bolivar dearly loved his beautiful and 
accomplished bride. The death angel came and 
claimed her — his heart was broken. He sat upon 
her coffin bowed with grief ; there he wept ; his filial 
hopes were with the dead. Rising there above her 
casket, he made a vow to her spirit before God and 
man that he would never marry again but would 



154 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

be worthy of her and devote his life to freeing his 
country from the tyranny of the Castilian crown. 
He lit the fires of freedom and patriotism, and lo! 
Liberty stepped upon a continent and hurled oppres- 
sion back across the sea! 

A man was once Governor of Tennessee; he and 
his wife "agreed to disagree" ; he resigned his office 
and left in the night; landed in Texas; led a revolt 
against Mexico ; won, and established the Republic 
of Texas, and became president of an empire 
greater than that the Bourbons lost! 

More than six centuries ago worshipful, disap- 
pointed love, eating at the heart of a son of Flor- 
ence, extorted from him "the voice of ten silent cen- 
turies" of Catholic faith and creed in his "mystic 
unfathomable song." Had all gone well with this 
man of "deathless sorrow and hopeless pain," as 
he surely wished it, "he might have been a pros- 
perous Lord Mayor of Florence and the ten dumb 
centuries continued viceless, and all coming cen- 
turies had no 'Divina Commedia' to hear!" 

"I know not in all the world," says Thomas Car- 
lyle, in his "Heroes and Hero Worship." "an af- 
fection equal to that of Dante. It is a tenderness, a 
trembling, longing, pitying love: like the wail of 
/Eolian harps, soft, soft; like a child's young heart; 
and then that stern, sore-saddened heart ! These 
longings of his toward his Beatrice; their meeting 
together in the Paradise; his gazing in her pure 
transfigured eyes, her that had been purified by 
death so long, separated from him so far: one likens 
it to the song of angels; it is among the put 
utterances of affection, perhaps the very pur 
that ever came out oi human soul." 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 155 

It seems that for Beatrice Dante was hardly 
more than an acquaintance, and it is no mere flip- 
pancy to suppose that, had Dante fully known the 
real earth-born Beatrice, the divine Beatrice would 
have been lost to him and to us. His love for her 
stands for a way of loving. He carried enshrined 
in his heart from boyhood to manhood, and to old 
age, the holy face of a girl seen in the magic dawn 
of life with such an ecstasy of sight as to become 
for him a deathless angel of the imagination, a 
lifelong dream to keep pure the heart. 

This fashion of loving is not so common, nor is 
it so very rare. Lord Edward Bulwer Lytton, at 
the age of seventeen, found his boyish heart lit- 
terally bound to the object of his first innocent 
worship. "That sort of love/' says Lytton, in 
speaking of it in after life, "we felt for each other 
I cannot describe. It was so pure and yet so pas- 
sionate that never again have I felt, nor ever again 
can I feel, any emotion comparable to the intensity 
of its tumultuous tenderness. When I saw her at 
a distance my heart beat so wildly it cost a painful 
effort to breathe. But the moment I heard her 
voice I was calm. Comparing what I felt then 
with what I have felt since, I cannot say if it was 
real love. I am inclined to think it something in- 
finitely happier and less earthly. 

"The last time we met was at evening, a little 
before sunset. I had walked to London and bought 
a book she wanted to read. No one knew of our 
meetings; I had no confidant. When I gave her 
the book I said to her : 'You will never lend it to 
any one — never give it away?' She shook her 
head and smiled sadly ; after a little pause she said : 



156 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

'It will talk to me when you are gone.' The sun 
had set, and it was already dark. I turned to go 
and saw she was weeping. I covered her hands 
with my tears and kisses : we parted — forever !" 

It is supposed that the girl's father — she had no 
mother, no sister — had been advised of these in- 
terviews, and took her away, forcing her to marry 
another. For three years she dragged out a I 
erable existence, and death came to her relief. In 
her dying hour she wrote to Buhver, informing 
him of the suffering through which she had passed. 
and of her unconquerable devotion to him, intimat- 
ing a wish that he visit her grave, which he did, 
with a depth of grief in his heart that none but 
he could ever know. 

Dante's Beatrice married and lived but a short 
time, but she did not die for grief of him. Dante 
and Bulwer Lytton each also married, and neither 
was happy. To what extent the-. >ws and 

miseries are attributable to the disheartening power 
of disrupted affection will never be known. In an 
apostrophe to the idol of his young heart he "re- 
joiced" that custom had wrought no change in 
her to him and that "the halo of a dream was round 
her to the last." 

There are many ways of loving, many sha] 
of story taken by the fateful passion of lov< 
this difficult world. The great love stories fix 
either the type of love after the manner of one or 
another temperament, or the type of dramatic ex- 
pression imposed by circumstance. 

Sir Philip Sidney fell in love with Lady Pene- 
lope Devereux, but like so many on this plain' 
illy arranged for affairs o\ the heart, loved a 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 157 

that did not return the flame. Mirror of chivalry 
and soul of honor as Sidney was, when at last we 
find him bidding his noble farewell to the love 
that was very life of his pure heart, the terms of 
his farewell do not indicate that he abandoned it 
from any sense of dishonor, but because — as some 
saint might abandon the world for the service of 
heaven, or some patriot might sacrifice his do- 
mestic ties to the service of his country — he had 
determined to go home to his own soul and follow 
the soaring spirit of his daring mind. Disappointed 
lovers usually marry, and Sidney was no excep- 
tion; but that is another story. 

The love of John Keats for Fanny Brawne was 
another case in point. A poet's love is apt to be 
subjective, and the woman he loves is often as 
much of his own creation as his verse. One may 
conceive of an ideal and ascribe its qualities to the 
one he fancies he loves, and, perchance, he may not 
awake — and be blest. 

The poet Petrach loved another man's wife all 
his life, simply because he did so before she mar- 
ried the other fellow, which drew from him his 
"Laura." Why cannot more sing jauntily like 
George Wither: 

"Be she fairer than the day, 
Or the flowery meads of May, 
If she be not so to me, 
What care I how fair she be?" 

"If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out." 
Love's execution is a painful scene: withal, the 
most tragic and saddest thing in the world; but it 
had better be killed off at once than for one to 



158 THE MARCH OF INTELLE 

become the victim of its slow tortures. Common 
sense, manhood, and womanhood should rise above 
submitting to the soul-sickness of a disappointed 
love. 

Who but a man that had drunk of lost affection's 
lees could write the "Sorrows of Werter" ? Goethe 
felt what he penned. And would you look into 
Rousseau's life? — Read "Eloisa." 

It was Aloysia Weber, of Manheim, who first 
inspired a genuine passion in the heart of that 
prince of musicians — Mozart. She was a p: 
maiden of fifteen summers, a fine singer, of ro- 
mantic, even flighty mind. Circumstances separated 
them for a while; in the meantime, Aloysia had 
secured a position at a large salary in Munich, and 
was singing with much success. But when the 
faithful lover, from whom she had parted with 
vows of eternal constancy, appeared upon the scene, 
the beautiful, young prima donna, whose head had 
apparently been turned by the flatteries of the court, 
affected not to recognize him. 

Pride came to the support of the amazed and 
grief-stricken suitor. He seated himself at the 
piano and played a song, beginning: 

"I ptadly leave the irniden, 
Who does not care for ire." 

It was soon evident to Mozart that whatever 
a fleet ion Aloysia had felt for him was now ex- 
tinct; and, though he made a brave effort to bear 
his affliction, he wept much in secret. Musical 
eritics discern the | ate outpouring of 

youthful devotion in his arias composed especially 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 159 

for her voice, his first being his best, written in the 
heyday of his dream. 

The other members of the Weber family treated 
Mozart kindly; and the younger sister, Constanze, 
a plain, little dark-eyed girl of fourteen, who seems 
to have been the Cinderella of the household, looked 
with romantic interest on the slender youth with 
the fiery eyes and the big nose, whom her faith- 
less sister had treated so shabbily. She did her 
best, in her girlish way, to comfort him; and was 
won by the ministrations of her who was destined 
to be the beloved companion of his future years, 
and in whose arms he was to end his life. 

Abraham Lincoln loved and was refused; he 
loved again and she died; yet he married. His 
great heart was mellowed for his future work by 
deep grief, by sorrow of the soul, that he might 
love the world and be loved by it. 

"I have loved as I never again shall love in this 
world; I have been loved as I never again shall 
be loved." Thus wrote Washington Irving, in 
Bracebridge Hall, and thereby penned a paragraph 
of his biography. It is full of melancholy mean- 
ing to those who know the great sorrow of its 
talented author's life. 

Washington Irving was engaged to be married to 
Matilda Hoffman, a gentle, engaging, and lovely 
girl. Before the wedding day his promised bride, 
and idol of his great young heart, was called by 
the trump of the death angel. 

"That's hallowed ground where, mourned and missed, 
The lips repose our love has kissed." 

It was a terrible blow to Irving, and the rest 



160 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

of his life was that of a broken-hearted lover. She 
died in the beauty of her youth, and in his memory 
she ever remained the beautiful, tender, gracious 
girl — to whom he was true in life and true till 
death. How sad and sacred are these broken ties 
of the heart! 

And Robert Burns, the gifted Saxon Scot, did 
so love his "Highland Mary" that all the world 
was to know of her through him. And yet this 
lassie of the highlands was not his wife — and he 
had another. While at his birthplace Ingersoll 
wrote to Ridpath : 

"And as I stand within this hut 

I hold all thrones in scorn; 
For in this lowly, hallowed thatch 

Love's sweetest bard was born." 

A young man once "proposed" to a young lady 
and she declined, but said: "I shall never marry 
if you will not." The bargain was made, and he 
became the "Bachelor President" of the United 
States. 

John Ruskin, the "Sage of Brantwood," em- 
ployed an artist to paint the portrait of his beauti- 
ful and accomplished wife. While painting her 
portrait he won her heart — Ruskin took in the 
situation, and, philisopher as he was, made no un- 
seemly ado about it. but granted a divorce that she 
might marry the man she loved, and led her to the 
altar where her bridegroom waited. This was like 
Abraham offering Isaac as a sacrifice on the altar 
of devotion. He recognized and obeyed the in- 
voluntary law of l<ne. 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 161 

That greatest of modern explorers, Henry M. 
Stanley, on his return to New York, after finding 
Livingston, was made much of in society, and in 
one of the families, which he was in the habit of 
visiting, a young girl, rich, handsome, and brilliant, 
won his heart. The twain were engaged to be 
married, but it was agreed that the ceremony should 
not take place until his return to New York from 
a purely commercial trip to Africa. During these 
happy days never did lover build more castles in 
Spain and people them with the fairies of his 
dreams. And doubtless they would have material- 
ized : if, six months later, while Stanley was on his 
way to Zanzibar, he had not received a letter an- 
nouncing that his fiancee had married another man. 

It served to shift from America to Europe the 
vast wealth of Central Africa, and Belgian and 
French flags float over a soil that might easily have 
been covered by the Stars and Stripes. And all 
this because a fickle woman broke faith with a man 
of genius who loved her. 

There is a kind of sensual fascination that is 
sometimes mistaken for love. Such, for instance, 
as Mark Antony's infatuation for Cleopatra, David 
for Uriah's wife, and the brutish animalism of 
Henry VIII. But to the sensualism of Martin 
Luther and Henry VIII. is due the main part they 
played in the breaking of the iron chains of the 
Pope's ecclesiastical tyranny. 

David and Solomon and Brigham Young, with 
their many wives and concubines — of which the 
Turkish harems are a counterpart — were in reality 
simply free-lovers, who, under the cloak and pro- 
tection of authority as sanctioned by custom and 



1 62 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

religion, made morals a mockery and put decency 
to rhame. Libertines love their mistresses in 
brothels in as true a sense as they loved their 
women — I will not say wives, 'twould be a disgrace 
to the hallowed name — and woman will remain a 
mere vassal as long as such a travesty on civiliza- 
tion is allowed. 

That sublime devotion of a loving wife to a 
dutiful husband is one of the sweetest chapters in 
human life. 

Lytton thus expressed it : 

"Tell him, for years I never nursed a thought 
That was not his ; — that on his wandering way 
Daily and nightly, poured a mourner's prayers, 
Tell him ev'n now that I would rather share 
His lowliest lot — walk by his side, an outcast — 
Work for him, beg with him — live upon the light 
Of his kind smile, than to wear the crown 
The Bourbon lost." 

And this from husband or wife, by another poet: 

"No, I would rather share your grief than other people's glee ; 
For though you are nothing to the world, you're all the world 

to me: 
You make a palace of my shed, this rough hewn bench a 

throne ; 
There's sunlight for me in your smile, and music in your 

tone." 

Those who do not want such devotion, and would 
laugh at the possibility of such, are welcome to their 
half-hearted attachments, but I prefer the real ar- 
ticle. 'Tis true that when death separate- two thus 
united the suffering is the more intense, but the 



THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 163 

farther removed the passion is from the ideal the 

nearer it approaches the common animal impulse 

and the less sublime the holy communion of souls. 

PERFECT LOVE has, the gladness of the rollick- 
ing winds that play with the leaves and 
flowers ; 

The courage of the eagle that dares the crags and 
the waves; 

The justice of the earth that yields to all; 

The charity of the snow that hides all scars; 

The gushing kindness of the wayside spring; 

The patience of the pyramids; 

The restitude of the Rockies; 

The fidelity of affinity; 

The tolerance and equity of light; 

The serenity of the stars; 

It intensifies interest, strengthens memory, and gives 
trend to thought; 

It encourages the timid, curbs the impudent, and 
moderates the obstreperous; 

It puts music in the choir, light in the pew, and zeal 
in the pulpit; 

It puts power in the actor, attention in the audience, 
and soul in the play; 

It puts aspiration in the citizen, enthusiasm in the 
patriot, and spirit in the reformer; 

It gives beauty to art, profundity to science, and 
glory to nature; 

It gives literature its brightest gems, to industry 
its crown, and to civilization its stability ; 

It heightens spirituality, lends lustre to hope, 
strengthens faith, and enhances devotion; 

It quickens perception, sharpens sensibility, and re- 
doubles energy; 



164 THE MARCH OF INTELLECT 

It accelerates activity, stimulates will, and imparts 

grace to movement ; 
It is the essence of sentiment, the basis of morals, 

and the core of the religion ; 
It is as natural as the heart-beat, infinite as law, 

and beautiful as the dawn; 
It refines the heart, elevates ideals, and makes 

sacred the circle of a happy home; 
It fires ambition, instills ardor into aspiration, and 

lends glory to fame ; 
It lightens the burdens of life, animates the toiler, 

and cheers the despondent ; 
It makes existence sweet, builds the nation's homes, 

and fills the world with its comforts and 

luxuries ; 
It lights the eyes with an unfading lustre, paints 

the cheeks with a magnetic glow, and gives 

power to expression ; 
It asks no favors not its due, and refuses no sen-ice 

desert demands. 



THE END. 



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